Week #

Broad Topic/Chapter

(e.g. in Physics the chapter could be 'Light')

Break-Down for the Week

Learning Objectives

(give both serial no and state the objective in full)

1

Introduction to Physics

Physical Quantities

P1: Introduction to Physics

P2: Introduction to Physics (continued)

P3: Introduction to Physics: Exploratory Activity on Fields in Physics and Career Trajectories

P4: Physical Quantities

P 5: Physical Quantities: Basic & Derived Units

P 6: Physical Quantities: SI Units

Nature of Science:

1. Describe physics as the study of matter, energy, space, time and their mutual connections and interactions

2. Explain with examples that physics has many sub-fields, and in today’s world involves interdisciplinary fields. Students should be able to distinguish in terms of the broad subject matter that is studied between the below fields:

- Biophysics

- Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology

- Thermodynamics

- Optics

- Waves

- Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Relativistic Mechanics

- Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics

- Electricity

- Magnetism

- Electromagnetism

- Cymatics, Acoustics

- Computational Physics

- Geophysics

- Climate Physics

3. Explain with examples how Physics is a subset of the Physical Sciences and of the natural sciences

4. Students should be to state examples of essential questions that are important for the branches of Physics they will be studying as part of their curriculum (e.g. for Astrophysics a question would be 'what kinds of heavenly bodies are there in the universe?')

5. Recognise that scientists who specialise in the research of physics are called Physicists

6. Differentiate between 'science', 'technology' and 'engineering'. Science is a process of exploring new knowledge methodically through observation and experiments, technology refers to the process of applying scientific knowledge in practical applications for various purposes. Engineering is the application of knowledge in order to design, build and maintain a product or a process that solves a problem and fulfills a need. (something about how science and engineering learn from each other)

Physical Quantities:

Physical Quantities:

1. Differentiate between physical and non-physical quantities

2. Explain with examples that Science is based on physical quantities which consist of numerical magnitude and a unit.

3. Differentiate between base and derived physical quantities.

4. List the seven units of System International (SI) alongwith their symbols and physical quantities (standard definitions of SI units are not required).

5. Interconvert the prefixes and their symbols to indicate multiple and sub-multiple for both base and derived units.

6. Write the answer in scientific notation in measurements and calculations.

2

Physical Quantities

P 1: Physical Quantities: Exploratory Activity on the Colonial History of the SI Units

P 2: Physical Quantities: Unit Conversions

P 3: Physical Quantities: Exploratory Activity on Orders of Magnitude of Size and Mass in the Universe

P 4: Lab Safety

P 5: Physical Quantities: Unit conversions (continued)

P 6: Physical Quantitities: What are Vectors & Scalars

Physical Quantities:

5. Interconvert the prefixes and their symbols to indicate multiple and sub-multiple for both base and derived units.

6. Write the answer in scientific notation in measurements and calculations.

7. Understand that a scalar quantity has magnitude (size) only and that a vector quantity has magnitude and direction

8. Know that the following quantities are scalars: distance, speed, time, mass, energy and temperature

9. Know that the following quantities are vectors: displacement, force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, electric field strength and gravitational field strength

10. Determine, by calculation or graphically, the resultant of two vectors at right angles

11. Make reasonable estimates of quantities included in this curriculum

3

Physical Quantities

P 1: Physical Quantities: What are Vectors & Scalars (continued)

P 2: Physical Quantities: Vector Addition

P 3: Physical Quantities: Vector Addition (continued)

P 4: Physical Quantities: Exploratory Activity on Naval Navigation with Vectors

P 5: Measurement: Taking Readings from Common Lab Instruments

P 6: Measurement: Vernier Callipers

Physical Quantities:

8. Know that the following quantities are scalars: distance, speed, time, mass, energy and temperature

9. Know that the following quantities are vectors: displacement, force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum, electric field strength and gravitational field strength

10. Determine, by calculation or graphically, the resultant of two vectors at right angles

Theory of Measurment:

1. Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate precision using tapes, rulers, micrometers and verneir callpiers (including reading the scale on analogue callipers and micrometers)

2. Describe how to use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a liquid and to determine the volume of a solid by displacement

3. Describe how to measure a variety of time intervals using clocks and digital timers

4. Determine an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of oscillation of a pendulum)

5. Round off calculations based on emperical data to an appropriate number of significant figures

6. Identify sources of, and suggest corrections for, systematic and random error in experiments

7. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of data collected by measuring instruments

8. Determine the least count of a data collection instrument from its scale

9. Design experiments that mitigate sources of error by having a large data set, and averaging over the readings

10. Explain how parallex error is caused, and recommend how to prevent it from occuring in experiments

1. Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate precision using tapes, rulers, micrometers and verneir callpiers (including reading the scale on analogue callipers and micrometers)

4. Determine an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of oscillation of a pendulum)

6. Identify sources of, and suggest corrections for, systematic and random error in experiments

7. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of data collected by measuring instruments

8. Determine the least count of a data collection instrument from its scale

9. Design experiments that mitigate sources of error by having a large data set, and averaging over the readings

10. Explain how parallex error is caused, and recommend how to prevent it from occuring in experiments

4

Theory of Measurement

P 1: Measurement: Micrometer Screw guages

P 2: Measurement: Labwork on Vernier Callipers and Micrometer Screwguages

P 3: Measurment: Sources of Error

P 4: Measurement: Sources of Error (continued)

P 5: Physical Quanities: Summative Assessment

P 6: Measurement: Labwork on Practical Readings in Experiments

Theory of Measurment:

1. Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate precision using tapes, rulers, micrometers and verneir callpiers (including reading the scale on analogue callipers and micrometers)

2. Describe how to use a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a liquid and to determine the volume of a solid by displacement

3. Describe how to measure a variety of time intervals using clocks and digital timers

4. Determine an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of oscillation of a pendulum)

5. Round off calculations based on emperical data to an appropriate number of significant figures

6. Identify sources of, and suggest corrections for, systematic and random error in experiments

7. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of data collected by measuring instruments

8. Determine the least count of a data collection instrument from its scale

9. Design experiments that mitigate sources of error by having a large data set, and averaging over the readings

10. Explain how parallex error is caused, and recommend how to prevent it from occuring in experiments

1. Describe how to measure a variety of lengths with appropriate precision using tapes, rulers, micrometers and verneir callpiers (including reading the scale on analogue callipers and micrometers)

4. Determine an average value for a small distance and for a short interval of time by measuring multiples (including the period of oscillation of a pendulum)

6. Identify sources of, and suggest corrections for, systematic and random error in experiments

7. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of data collected by measuring instruments

8. Determine the least count of a data collection instrument from its scale

9. Design experiments that mitigate sources of error by having a large data set, and averaging over the readings

10. Explain how parallex error is caused, and recommend how to prevent it from occuring in experiments

5

Kinematics

P 1: Measurement: Labwork on Practical Readings in Experiments (continued)

P 2: Measurement: Exploratory Activity on Famous Sources of Error in Well-Known Historical Experiments

P 3: Theory of Measurement: Significant Figures

P 4: Kinematics & Relativity: Distance, Speed, Average Speed, Speed of Light Limit

P 5: Exploratory Activity on the Philosophy of Motion

P 6: Summative Assessment on Measurement

Theory of Measurement:

5. Round off calculations based on emperical data to an appropriate number of significant figures

6. Identify sources of, and suggest corrections for, systematic and random error in experiments

7. Differentiate between the accuracy and precision of data collected by measuring instruments

Kinematics:

1. Identify different types of motion i.e; translatory, (linear, random, and circular); rotatory and vibratory motions and distinguish among them.

2. Differentiate with examples between distance and displacement, speed and velocity.

3. Define speed as distance travelled per unit time and define velocity as change in displacement per unit time

4. Recall and use the equation speed = distance/time v = s/t

5. Recall and use the equation average speed = total distance travelled/total time taken

6. Define acceleration as change in velocity per unit time; recall and use the equation acceleration = change in velocity/time taken a = ∆v/∆t

7. Derive the units of acceleration as m/s2 from the formula a = ∆v/∆t

8. State what is meant by, and describe examples of, uniform acceleration and non-uniform acceleration

9. Know that a deceleration is a negative acceleration and use this in calculations

10. Sketch, plot and interpret distance–time and speed–time graphs

11. Determine from the shape of a distance–time graph when an object is:

(a) at rest

(b) moving with constant speed

(c) accelerating

(d) decelerating

12. Determine from the shape of a speed–time graph when an object is:

(a) at rest

(b) moving with constant speed

(c) moving with constant acceleration

(d) moving with changing acceleration

13. State that the acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant and is approximately 9.8m/s2

14. Calculate speed from the gradient of a distance–time graph

15. Derive how the gradient of the distance vs time graph gives the speed (without calculus)

15. Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with constant speed or constant acceleration

16. Deriving how the area beneath a speed vs time graph gives the distance travelled (without calculus)

17. Calculate acceleration from the gradient of a speed–time graph

18. Derive how the gradient of the speed vs time graph gives the acceleration (without calculus)

Relativity:

19. Understand that according to relativity, there is a universal speed limit for any object in the universe that is set to approximately 3x10^8 m/s

10. Sketch, plot and interpret distance–time and speed–time graphs

11. Determine from the shape of a distance–time graph when an object is:

(a) at rest

(b) moving with constant speed

(c) accelerating

(d) decelerating

12. Determine from the shape of a speed–time graph when an object is:

(a) at rest

(b) moving with constant speed

(c) moving with constant acceleration

(d) moving with changing acceleration

13. State that the acceleration of free fall g for an object near to the surface of the Earth is approximately constant and is approximately 9.8m/s2

14. Calculate speed from the gradient of a distance–time graph

15. Derive how the gradient of the distance vs time graph gives the speed (without calculus)

15. Calculate the area under a speed–time graph to determine the distance travelled for motion with constant speed or constant acceleration

16. Deriving how the area beneath a speed vs time graph gives the distance travelled (without calculus)

17. Calculate acceleration from the gradient of a speed–time graph

18. Derive how the gradient of the speed vs time graph gives the acceleration (without calculus)

6

Kinematics

P 1: Kinematics: Displacement, Velocity with Vector Addition Problems

P 2: Kinematics: Acceleration

P 3: Kinematics: Acceleration (continued)

P 4: Kinematics: Distance & Displacement vs Time graphs

P 5: Kinematics: Labwork

P: 6 Kinematics Labwork

(add in Kinematics experimentation SLOs)

Mass, Weight and Gravity

1. State that mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in an object at rest relative to the observer

2. State that the mass of an object resists change from its state of rest or motion (inertia)

3. Define a force as a push or pull

4. Define weight as the force exerted on an object with mass by a planet's gravity

5. State that a gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction

6. Define gravitational field strength as force per unit mass; recall and use the equation gravitational field strength = weight/mass g = W/m and know that this is equivalent to the acceleration of free fall

7. Describe how to determine mass using an electronic balance

8. Describe how to measure weight using a force meter

9. Describe the use of parabolic flights to simulate 'zero gravity' for astronauts preparing for journeys into space

Forces

Types of Forces and Newton's Laws

9. Identify and use different types of force, including weight (gravitational force), friction, drag, air resistance, tension (elastic force), electrostatic force, magnetic force, thrust (driving force) and contact force

10. State that there are four fundamental forces and describe them in terms of their relative strengths:

- The strong force holds the nucleus of an atom together. it has a relative strength of 1, and acts within a range of 10^-15 m

- The electromagnetic force is source of attraction and repulsion between charges and between sources of magnetism. It has a relative strength of 1/137, and does not have a limited range of influence

- The weak force is the cause of radioactive decay of atoms. It has a relative strength of !0^-6, and acts within a range of 10^-18 m

- The gravitational force is the cause of attraction between objects with mass. It has a relative strength of 10^-39, and does not have a limited range of influence

12. Identify forces acting on an object and draw free-body diagram(s) representing the forces

13. State Newton’s first law as ‘an object either remains at rest or continues to move in a straight line at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force’

14. State that a force may change the velocity of an object by changing its direction of motion or its speed

15. Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line

21. Identiy when an object is in the below types of equilibrium:

- rotational

- translational

- dynamic

- static

- stable

- unstable

- neutral

Friction

21. Describe and give examples of how friction as a force may impede motion and produce heating (e.g. rubbing hands together produces heat, asteroids that enter the Earth's atmosphere disintegrate due to high temperature generated from air resistance)

22. Understand the motion of objects acted on by a constant weight or driving force, with and without drag (including air resistance or resistance in a liquid)

26. Explain, with examples, how rolling friction is much lesser than sliding friction (no need for coefficients of friction)

27. list various methods to reduce friction.

7

Forces

P 1: Kinematics: Distance & Displacement vs time graphs (continued)

P 2: Kinematics: Speed & Velocity vs time graphs

P 3: Kinematics: Speed & Velocity vs time graphs (continued)

P 4: Kinematics: Integrated Practice of All Concepts

P 5: Kinematics: Integrated Practice of All Concepts (continued)

P 6: Kinematics: Exploratory Activity on Applications of Kinematics in Videogames

Forces

16. State Netwon's second law of motion in terms of acceleration as 'The acceleration on an object is directly proportional to the result force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass'

17. Recall and use the equation resultant force = mass × acceleration F = ma

18. State and apply Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A’

19. Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting on different objects

Momentum

29. Define momentum as mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = mv

30. Define impulse as force × time for which force acts; recall and use the equation impulse = FΔt = Δ(mv)

31. Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension

32. Define resultant force as the change in momentum per unit time; recall and use the equation resultant force = change in momentum/time taken F = ∆p/∆t

8

Kinematics

Forces

P 1: Kinematics: Studying Linear Motion in the Lab

P 2: Kinematics: Labwork

P 3: Kinematics: Studying Linear Motion in the Lab (continued)

P 4: Forces: What are Forces, Mass, Weight & Gravity

P 5: Forces: Mass, Weight & Gravity (continued)

P 6: Forces: Types of Forces (including friction)

Types of Forces and Newton's Laws

16. State Netwon's second law of motion in terms of acceleration as 'The acceleration on an object is directly proportional to the result force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass'

17. Recall and use the equation resultant force = mass × acceleration F = ma

18. State and apply Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A’

19. Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting on different objects

21. Identiy when an object is in the below types of equilibrium:

- rotational

- translational

- dynamic

- static

- stable

- unstable

- neutral

Friction

23. Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity

24. Define the thinking distance, braking distance and stopping distance of a moving vehicle

25. Explain the factors that affect thinking and braking distance including speed, tiredness, alcohol, drugs, load, tyre surface and road conditions

Momentum

29. Define momentum as mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = mv

30. Define impulse as force × time for which force acts; recall and use the equation impulse = FΔt = Δ(mv)

31. Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension

32. Define resultant force as the change in momentum per unit time; recall and use the equation resultant force = change in momentum/time taken F = ∆p/∆t

9

Forces

P 1: Forces: Exploratory Activity on the Contributions of Dr Abdus Salam to Physics

P 2: Forces: Exploratory Activity on Watching a Physics Movie about Outerspace Physics

P 3: Forces: Exploratory Activity on Watching a Physics Movie about Outerspace Physics (continued)

P 4: Forces: Newton's 1st Law, Vector Addition of Forces & Equilibrium

P 5: Forces: Exploratory Activity on What Would Happen if the Earth Stopped Spinning

P 6: Forces: Vector Addition (continued) & Types of Equilibrium

Types of Forces

20. Recognize that Newton’s Laws are not exact but provide a good approximation, unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum effects become significantt

- In the case of high speed bodies, the theory of relativistic mechanics is used

- In the case of very small objects at the subatomic level, quantum mechanics is used.

Friction

23. Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity

10

Forces

P 1: Forces: Newton's 2nd Law (without momentum)

P 2: Forces: Practicing with F = ma

P 3: Forces: Exploratory Activity on the Physics of Martial Arts (Fight Science)

P 4: Forces: Newton's 3rd Law

P 5: Forces: Newton's 3rd Law (continued)

P 6: Forces: Labwork

[SLO: P-09-C-16]

State Netwon's second law of motion in terms of acceleration as 'The acceleration on an object is directly proportional to the result force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass'

[SLO: P-09-C-17]

Recall and use the equation resultant force = mass × acceleration F = ma

[SLO: P-09-C-18]

State and apply Newton’s third law as ‘when object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A’

[SLO: P-09-C-19]

Know that Newton’s third law describes pairs of forces of the same type acting on different objects

11

Forces

P 1: Forces: Labwork

P 2: Forces: Exploratory Activity on the Pre-Newtonian History of Ideas Behind What Causes Objects to Move

P 3: Forces: Integrated Practice of Newton's Laws (without momentum)

P 4: Forces: Momentum & Impulse

P 5: Forces: Conservation of Momentum

P 6: Forces: Newton's 2nd Law Momentum Formulation

12

Forces

P 1: Forces: Practicing Applying Momentum Concepts with Newton's Laws

P 2: Forces: Newton's 3rd Law with Momentum Practice for Collision Problems

P 3: Forces: Review of Kinematics, Breaking Distance, Stopping Distance, Thinking Distance

P 4: Forces: Exploratory Activity on the Physics of Car Safety Technology and Design

P 5: Forces: Labwork

P 6: Forces: Terminal Velocity and its Graphs of Motion

Momentum

[SLO: P-09-C-29]

Define momentum as mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = mv

[SLO: P-09-C-30]

Define impulse as force × time for which force acts; recall and use the equation impulse = FΔt = Δ(mv)

[SLO: P-09-C-31]

Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension

[SLO: P-09-C-32]

Define resultant force as the change in momentum per unit time; recall and use the equation resultant force = change in momentum/time taken F = ∆p/∆t

13

Forces

P 1: Forces: Exploratory Activity on Interstellar Material that Burns in the Earth's Atmosphere

P 2: Forces: Terminal Velocity and its Graphs of Motion (continued)

P 3: Centripetal Force

P 4: Forces: Limitations of Newtonian Mechanics

P 5: Summative Assessment on Kinematics

P 6: Forces: Exploratory Activity on the Life of Newton

[SLO: P-09-C-24]

Explain how an object reaches terminal velocity

[SLO: P-09-C-25]

Define the thinking distance, braking distance and stopping distance of a moving vehicle

[SLO: P-09-C-26]

Explain the factors that affect thinking and braking distance including speed, tiredness, alcohol, drugs, load, tyre surface and road conditions

[SLO: P-09-C-27]

Explain, with examples, how rolling friction is much lesser than sliding friction (no need for coefficients of friction)

[SLO: P-09-C-28]

list various methods to reduce friction.

[SLO: P-09-C-20]

Recognize that Newton’s Laws are not exact but provide a good approximation, unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum effects become significant

- In the case of high speed bodies, the theory of relativistic mechanics is used

- In the case of very small objects at the subatomic level, quantum mechanics is used.

14

Turning Effects

P 1: Turning Effects: Concept of Torque and Rotational Inertia

P 2: Turning Effects: Mathematical Definition of Torque

P 3: Turning Effects: Calculating Torques in Simple Problems

P 4: Turning Effects: Center of Mass and Stability

P 5: Turning Effects: Center of Mass and Stability (continued)

P 6: Turning Effects: Exploratory Activity on Magic Tricks, Circus Stunts and Toys that Make Use of Stability Physics

Turning Effects:

[SLO: P-09-C-33]

Define like and unlike parallel forces.

[SLO: P-09-C-34]

Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples

[SLO: P-09-C-35]

Define the moment of a force as moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot; recall and use this equation

[SLO: P-09-C-36]

State and use the principle of moments for an object in equilibrium

[SLO: P-09-C-37]

Describe an experiment to verify the principle of moments

[SLO: P-09-C-38]

State what is meant by centre of gravity

[SLO: P-09-C-39]

Describe how to determine the position of the centre of gravity of a plane lamina using a plumb line

15

Turning Effects

Deformation of Soilds

P 1: Turning Effects: Principle of Moments

P 2: Turning Effects: Integrated Practice

P 3: Turning Effects: Labwork

P 4: Turning Effects: Labwork

P 5: Deformation of Solids: Intro to Hooke's Law

P 6: Deformation of Solids: Hooke's Law and Graphs of Load vs Extension

[SLO: P-09-C-40]

Describe, qualitatively, the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of simple objects

[SLO: P-09-C-41]

Explain that the stability of an object can be improved by lowering the centre of mass and increasing the base area of the object and that this concept is central to engineering technology such as balancing toys and racing cars

Deformation of Solids:

[SLO: P-09-C-45]

Recall

that forces may produce a change in size and shape of an object

[SLO: P-09-C-46]

Define the spring constant as force per unit extension; recall and use the equation spring constant = force/extension k = F/x

16

Revision for Midterm Exams

17

18

Deformation of Solids

Work, Energy & Power

P 1: Summative Assessment on Forces

P 2: Deformation of Solids: Applications of Hooke's Law

P 3: Deformation of Solids: Integrated Practice of Hooke's Law

P 4: Exploratory Activity on Applications of Hooke's Law in Engineering

P 5: Deformation of Solids: Labwork

P 6: Work, Energy & Power: What is Energy and What is Work

[SLO: P-09-C-47]

Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs for an elastic solid and describe the associated experimental procedures

[SLO: P-09-C-48]

Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’ for a load–extension graph and identify this point on the graph (an understanding of the elastic limit is not required)

[SLO: P-09-C-49]

Recognise that small-scale vibrations can be modelled using Hooke's law, and these models have applications in many disciplines such as seismology, molecular mechanics and acoustics.

[SLO: P-09-C-50]

Explain that Hooke's law is the fundamental principle behind engineering many measurement instruments such as the spring scale, the galvanometer, and the balance wheel of the mechanical clock.

[SLO: P-09-D-01]

Define work and its SI unit.

[SLO: P-09-D-02]

Recall and use the equation work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force W = Fd

[SLO: P-09-D-03]

Define energy as the ability to do work

19

Work, Energy & Power

P 1: Work, Energy & Power: Kinetic Energy

P 2: Work, Energy & Power: Gravitational Potential Energy

P 3: Work, Energy & Power: Conservation of Energy

P 4: Summative Assessment on Turning Effects

P 5: Work, Energy and Power: Labwork

P 6: Work, Energy & Power: Exploratory Activity on Identifying the Violations of the Law of Conservation of Energy in Perpetual Energy Machine Internet Troll Memes

[SLO: P-09-D-04]

State that energy may be stored as kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal)

[SLO: P-09-D-05]

Prove that Kinetic Energy Ek = ½ mv2 (use of equations of motion not needed; proof through kinematic graphs will suffice) and potential energy Ep = mgh and solve problems using these equations.

[SLO: P-09-D-06]

Describe how energy is transferred between stores during events and processes, including examples of transfer by forces (mechanical work done), electrical currents (electrical work done), heating, and by electromagnetic, sound and other waves

[SLO: P-09-D-07]

Know the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to the transfer of energy between stores during events and processes

20

Work, Energy & Power

P 1: Summative Assessment on Deformation of Solids

P 2: Work, Energy & Power: Conservation of Energy (continued)

P 3: Work, Energy & Power: Power and Efficiency

P 4: Work, Energy & Power: Power and Efficiency (continued)

P 5: Work, Energy & Power: Labwork

P 6: Work, Energy & Power: Power Generation from Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources

[SLO: P-09-D-08]

Apply the principle of conservation of energy to explain why ideas to create perpetual energy machines do not work

[SLO: P-09-D-09]

Recall and use the equation for kinetic energy Ek= 1/2mv2

[SLO: P-09-D-10]

Recall and use the equation for the change in gravitational potential energy ΔEp = mgΔh

[SLO: P-09-D-14]

Define efficiency as:

(a) (%) efficiency = (useful energy output)/(total energy input) ( × 100%)

(b) (%) efficiency = (useful power output)/(total power input) ( × 100%)

and recall and use these equations

[SLO: P-09-D-15]

explain why a system cannot have an efficiency of 100%.

[SLO: P-09-D-16]

Define power as work done per unit time and also as energy transferred per unit time; recall and use the equations

(a) power = work done/time taken P = W/t

(b) power = energy transferred/time taken P = ∆E/t

21

Work, Energy & Power

Density

P 1: Work, Energy & Power: Power Generation from Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources (continued)

P 2: Work, Energy & Power: Power Generation from Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources (continued)

P 3: Exploratory Activity on the Politics of Fossil Fuels and Climate Change International Accords

P 4: Discussion and Feedback on Mid Term Exam Performance

P 5: Work, Energy & Power: Integrated Practice

P 6: Density: Conceptual Understanding and Formula

[SLO: P-09-D-11]

List renewable and non-renewable energy sources

[SLO: P-09-D-12]

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from:

(a) chemical energy stored in fossil fuels

(b) chemical energy stored in biofuels

(c) hydroelectric resources

(d) solar radiation

(e) nuclear fuel

(f) geothermal resources

(g) wind

(h) tides

(i) waves in the sea

including references to a boiler, turbine and generator where they are used

[SLO: P-09-D-13]

Describe advantages and disadvantages of each method limited to whether it is renewable, when and whether it is available, and its impact on the environment

22

Density

Particulate Nature of Matter

P 1: Density: Practice Using the Formula

P 2: Density: Exploratory Activity on Creating Toys that Make Use of Density

P 3: Density: Labwork

P 4: Particulate Theory of Matter: Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases

P 5: Particulate Theory of Matter: Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases (continued)

P 6: Particulate Theory of Matter: Plasma and Other States of Matter

Density:

[SLO: P-09-E-01]

Define density as mass per unit volume; recall and use the equation density = mass/volume ρ = m/V

[SLO: P-09-E-02]

Describe how to determine the density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an irregularly shaped solid which sinks in a liquid (volume by displacement), including appropriate calculations

Particle Theory of Matter:

[SLO: P-09-E-03]

Recall

the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

[SLO: P-09-E-04]

Describe, qualitatively, the particle structure of solids, liquids and gases, relating their properties to the forces and distances between particles and to the motion of the particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons)

23

Pressure

P 1: Summative Assessment on Work, Energy & Power

P 2: Pressure: How Pressure is Exerted in Solids, Liquids and Gases

P 3: Pressure: Practicing using P = F/A

P 4: Exploratory Activity on Etching Metals Using Water Jets

P 5: Pressure: Hydrostatic Pressure

P 6: Pressure: Hydrostatic Pressure (continued)

[SLO: P-09-F-01]

Define pressure as force per unit area; recall and use the equation pressure = force/area p = F/A

[SLO: P-09-F-02]

Describe how pressure varies with force and area in the context of everyday examples

[SLO: P-09-F-03]

State that the pressure at a surface produces a force in a direction at right angles to the surface and describe an experiment to show this

24

Pressure

P 1: Pressure: Labwork

P 2: Exploratory Activity on the Attributes of Deep Sea Lifefroms that Allow Them to Survive in Extreme Conditions

P 3: Pressure: Manometer and Barometer

P 4: Pressure: Labwork

P 5: Pressure: Barometer (continued) and Pascal's Law

P 6: Summative Assessment on Density and Particulate Theory of Matter

[SLO: P-09-F-04]

explain that the atmosphere exerts a pressure.

[SLO: P-09-F-05]

describe how the height of a liquid column may be used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

[SLO: P-09-F-06]

describe that atmospheric pressure decreases with the increase in height above the Earth’s surface.

[SLO: P-09-F-07]

explain that changes in atmospheric pressure in a region may indicate a change in the weather.

[SLO: P-09-F-08]

Describe how the height of a liquid column in a liquid barometer may be used to determine the atmospheric pressure

[SLO: P-09-F-09]

Describe, quantitatively, how the pressure beneath the surface of a liquid changes with depth and density of the liquid

[SLO: P-09-F-10]

Recall and use the equation for the change in pressure beneath the surface of a liquid change in pressure = density × gravitational field strength × change in height ∆p = ρg∆h

[SLO: P-09-F-11]

Describe the use of a manometer in the measurement of pressure difference.

25

Pressure

Magnetism

P 1: Pressure: Hydraulics

P 2: Exploratory Activity on Making Hydraulics in the Classroom with Syringes and Tongue Depressors

P 3: Pressure: Integrated Practice

P 4: Pressure: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 5: Magnetism: Magnetic Field Lines

P 6: Magnetism: Domain Theory of Magnetism

[SLO: P-09-F-12]

State and apply Pascal's law to systems such as the transmission of pressure in hydraulic systems with particular reference to the hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes on vehicles.

[SLO: P-09-F-13]

Explain how the design of the wings of an aeroplane make use of difference in air pressure to create a lift force while in flight

[SLO: P-09-F-14]

Explain how the partial pressures of gases in the atmosphere affect the proportion of dissolved gases in water bodies and in biological lifeforms that inhale air like human beings

[SLO: P-09-F-15]

Explain how decompression sickness can be caused when subadivers rise to quickly from deep underwater due to the reduction of ambient pressure that causes dissolved gases in the blood to form bubbles

26

Magnetism

Astrophysics

P 1: Magnetism: Types of Magnets, Methods of Magnetisation & De-magnetisation

P 2: Exploratory Activity on Practically Studying the Properties of Home Made Ferrofluids

P 3: Magnetism: Labwork

P 4: Summative Assessment on Pressure

P 5: Astrophysics: The Earth as a Planet

P 6: Exploratory Activity on Al Biruni's Technique to Measuring the Circumference of the Earth

[SLO: P-09-H-01]

Describe the forces between magnetic poles and between magnets and magnetic materials, including the use of the terms north pole (N pole), south pole (S pole), attraction and repulsion, magnetised and unmagnetised

[SLO: P-09-H-02]

Describe induced magnetism

[SLO: P-09-H-03]

State the difference between magnetic and non-magnetic materials

[SLO: P-09-H-04]

State the differences between the properties of temporary magnets (made of soft iron) and the properties of permanent magnets (made of steel)

[SLO: P-09-H-05]

Describe a magnetic field as a region in which a magnetic pole experiences a force

Astrophysics:

[SLO: P-09-J-01]

Explain that:

(a) the Earth is a planet that orbits the Sun once in approximately 365 days

(b) the orbit of the Earth around the Sun is an ellipse which is approximately circular

(c) the Earth rotates on its axis, which is tilted, once in approximately 24 hours

(d) it takes approximately one month for the Moon to orbit the Earth

(e) it takes approximately 500s for light from the Sun to reach the Earth

[SLO: P-09-J-02]

Define average orbital speed from the equation v = 2π r/T where r is the average radius of the orbit and T is the orbital period; recall and use this equation

27

Astrophysics

P 1: Astrophysics: The Solar System

P 2: Astrophysics: The Solar System (continued)

P 3: Astrophysics: The Solar System (continued)

P 4: Exploratory Activity on Debating Whether Mars Could be Terraformed Using Nuclear Weapons

P 5: Exploratory Activity on Long Exposure Photography Techniques for Amateurs Photagraphing the Milky Way

P 6: Astrophysics: Galaxies

[SLO: P-09-J-03]

Describe the Solar System as containing:

(a) one star, the Sun

(b) the eight named planets and know their order from the Sun

(c) minor planets that orbit the Sun, including dwarf planets such as Pluto and asteroids in the asteroid belt

(d) moons, that orbit the planets

(e) smaller Solar System bodies, including comets and natural satellites

[SLO: P-09-J-04]

Analyse and interpret planetary data about orbital distance, orbital period, density, surface temperature and uniform gravitational field strength at the planet’s surface

[SLO: P-09-J-05]

Recall that the strength of the gravitational field:

(a) at the surface of a planet depends on the mass of the planet

(b) around a planet decreases as the distance from the planet increases

[SLO: P-09-J-06]

Explain that the Sun contains most of the mass of the Solar System and that the strength of the gravitational field at the surface of the Sun is greater than the strength of the gravitational field at the surface of the planets

[SLO: P-09-J-07]

Explain that the force that keeps an object in orbit around the Sun is the gravitational attraction of the Sun

[SLO: P-09-J-08]

Explain that the strength of the Sun’s gravitational field decreases and that the orbital speeds of the planets decrease as the distance from the Sun increases

[SLO: P-09-J-09]

(a) galaxies are each made up of many billions of stars

(b) the Sun is a star in the galaxy known as the Milky Way

(c) other stars that make up the Milky Way are much further away from the Earth than the Sun is from the

Earth

(d) astronomical distances can be measured in light-years, where one light-year is the distance travelled in

a vacuum by light in one year

(e) the Sun and its solar system orbit the center of the Milky Way

28

Astrophysics

Nature of Science

P 1: Astrophysics: Life Cycle of Stars

P 2: Summative Assessment on Magnetism

P 3: Exploratory Activity on Viewing 3D Virtual Online Interactive Universe Galaxy Simulations

P 4: Astropphysics: Life Cycle of Stars (continued)

P 5: Nature of Science: Evidence and Levels of Confidence in Physics

P 6: Nature of Science: Evidence and Levels of Confidence in Physics (continued)

[SLO: P-09-J-10]

Describe the life cycle of a star:

(a) a star is formed from interstellar clouds of gas and dust that contain hydrogen

(b) a protostar is an interstellar cloud collapsing and increasing in temperature as a result of its internal

gravitational attraction

(c) a protostar becomes a stable star when the inward force of gravitational attraction is balanced by an

outward force due to the high temperature in the centre of the star

(d) all stars eventually run out of hydrogen as fuel for the nuclear reaction

(e) most stars expand to form red giants and more massive stars expand to form red supergiants when

most of the hydrogen in the centre of the star has been converted to helium

(f) a red giant from a less massive star forms a planetary nebula with a white dwarf at its centre

(g) a red supergiant explodes as a supernova, forming a nebula containing hydrogen and new heavier

elements, leaving behind a neutron star or a black hole at its centre

(h) the nebula from a supernova may form new stars with orbiting planets

[SLO: P-09-J-11]

Recall that the Milky Way is one of many billions of galaxies making up the Universe and that the diameter

of the Milky Way is approximately 100000 light-years

29

Nature of Science

P 1: Exploratory Activity on the Criteria of Evidence for Proving Whether Neutrinos Can Travel at the Speed of Light Based on OPERA Experiment Story

P 2: Nature of Science: Structure of Scientific Arguments

P 3: Nature of Science: Structure of Scientific Arguments (continued)

P 4: Nature of Science: Argumentative Fallacies

P 5 : Exploratory Activity on Scientific Argumentative Fallacies in Media Advertisements

P 6: Summative Assessment on Astrophysics

SLO: P-09-M-14]

State that an underlying assumption of science is that the universe has an independent, external reality accessible to human senses and amenable to human reason.

[SLO: P-09-M-15]

Explain that the importance of evidence is a fundamental common understanding:

a) Evidence can be obtained by observation or experiment. It can be gathered by human senses, primarily sight, but much modern science is carried out using instrumentation and sensors that can gather information remotely and automatically in areas that are too small, or too far away, or otherwise beyond human sense perception.

b) Experimentation in a controlled environment, generally in laboratories, is the other way of obtaining evidence in the form of data, and there are many conventions and understandings as to how this is to be achieved.

30

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Argumentative Fallacies (continued)

P 2: Nature of Science: Argumentative Fallacies (continued)

P 3: Nature of Science: Inductive, Deductive and Abductive Reasoning

P 4: Nature of Science: Inductive, Deductive and Abductive Reasoning (continued)

P 5: Nature of Science: Inductive, Deductive and Abductive Reasoning (continued)

P 6: Exploratory Activity on Debating How Confident We Are That the Laws of Physics Hold True Everywhere in the Universe

[SLO: P-09-M-16]

State, with examples, how scientists speak of “levels of confidence” (or uncertainty) when discussing experimental outcomes.

[SLO: P-09-M-17]

Explain and apply the below terms to deconstruct the structure of a scientific argument in a variety of formats such as speeches, written articles and advertisement brochures:

- claims

- counterclaims

- rebuttals

- premises

- conclusions

- assumptions

[SLO: P-09-M-18]

Recognize the below common cognitive biases/fallacies that can hinder sound scientific reasoning:

- the confirmation bias

- hasty generalizations

- post hoc ergo propter hoc (false cause)

- the straw man fallacy

- redefinition (moving the goal posts)

- the appeal to tradition

- false authority

- failing Occam's Razor

- argument from non-testable hypothesis

- begging the question

- fallacy of exclusion

- faulty analogy

[SLO: P-09-M-19]

Explain, with examples in the context of physics, the differences between induction, deduction and abduction in logic:

- Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

- Inductive reasoning is a logical process involving making rational guesses based on data

- Abductive reasoning is inference that goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation

31

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Hypotheses, Theories and Laws in Physics

P 2: Exploratory Activity on How Famous Scientits Made Their Breakthroughs

P 3: Summative Assessment on Argumentation in Science

P 4: Nature of Science: Hypotheses, Theories and Laws in Physics (continued)

P 5: Nature of Science: Repeatability and Reproducibility in Physics

P 6: Nature of Science: Scientific Integrity and Peer Review

[SLO: P-09-M-20]

Explain the difference between repeatability and reproducibility in physics:

- repeatability as the idea that scientific results from experiments should be possible to verify by conducting the experiment again under the same physical conditions

- reproducibility as the idea that the same or similar result is obtained when the measurement is made under either different conditions or by a different method or in a different experiment

32

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Scientific Integrity and Peer Review (continued)

P 2: Nature of Science: International Collaboration Practices in Physics

P 3: Nature of Science: Ethical and Political Implications of Physics Research

P 4: Exploratory Activity on Simulating a Model UN Debate on Controlling the Rise of the Temperature of the Earth

P 5: Nature of Science: Ethical and Political Implications of Physics Research (continued)

[SLO: P-09-M-21]

Explain, with examples, that research in physics comes with ethical considerations and implications e.g. animal testing in biophysics, rare earth metals and the environment, nuclear research and possibilities of accidents and misuse of findings

33

Revision for End of Year Exams

34

Week #

Broad Topic/Chapter

(e.g. in Physics the chapter could be 'Light')

Break-Down for the Week

Learning Objectives

(give both serial no and state the objective in full)

1

Heat

P 1: Heat: What is Heat and What is Temperature

P 2: Exploratory Activity on the Highest and Lowest Temperatures on Earth and in the Universe

P 3: Thermal Expansion

P 4: Applications of Thermal Expansion

P 5: Temperature Scales, Sensitivity, Range and Linearity of Thermometers

P 6: Heat: Calibration of Thermometers

Temperature:

[SLO: P-10-E-01]

Define temperature (as quantity which determine the direction of flow of thermal energy).

[SLO: P-10-E-02]

Define heat (as the energy transferred resulting from the temperature difference between two objects).

[SLO: P-10-E-03]

Describe the relationship between the motion of particles and temperature, including the idea that there is a lowest possible temperature (−273°C), known as absolute zero, where the particles have least kinetic energy

[SLO: P-10-E-04]

Convert temperatures between kelvin and degrees Celsius; recall and use the equation T (in K) = θ (in °C) + 273

[SLO: P-10-E-05]

Recall that an increase in the temperature of an object increases its internal energy

[SLO: P-10-E-06]

Describe an increase in temperature of an object in terms of an increase in the average kinetic energies of all of the particles in the object

[SLO: P-10-E-07]

Explain that lasers (through absorption and re-emission of focused light with the right wavelength spectrum and amplitude) can be used to increase or decrease the vibrational kinetic energy of atoms in order to raise and lower the temperature of materials to extremes (working of a laser, concept of photons and coherence is not required). This allows for experimements on Earth to study the properties of matter in extreme conditions such as may be the case in space like in stars.

[SLO: P-10-E-08]

Explain how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties.

[SLO: P-10-E-09]

Explain the need for fixed points and state what is meant by the ice point and steam point.

2

Heat

P 1: Heat: Calibration of Thermometers (continued)

P 2: Heat: Labwork

P 3: Heat: Labwork

P 4: Heat: Heat Capacity

P 5: Heat: Heat Capacity (continued)

P 6: Heat: Changes of State

[SLO: P-10-E-10]

Discuss sensitivity, range and linearity of thermometers.

[SLO: P-10-E-11]

Describe the structure and action of liquid-in-glass thermometers (including clinical) and of a thermocouple thermometer, showing an appreciation of its use for measuring high temperatures and those which vary rapidly.

[SLO: P-10-E-12]

Describe and explain how the structure of a liquid-in-glass thermometer affects its sensitivity, range and linearity

Heat Capacity:

[SLO: P-10-E-13]

Define specific heat capacity as the energy required per unit mass per unit temperature increase; recall and use the equation specific heat capacity = change in energy mass × change in temperature c = ∆E m∆θ

[SLO: P-10-E-14]

Describe experiments to measure the specific heat capacity of a solid and of a liquid

[SLO: P-10-E-15]

Give examples of everyday effects due to the large specific heat of water.

Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Matter:

[SLO: P-10-E-16]

Recall and use the terms for the changes in state between solids, liquids and gases (including deposition and sublimation)

[SLO: P-10-E-17]

Explain that the bimetallic strip used in thermostat is based on different rate of expansion of different metals on heating.

[SLO: P-10-E-18]

Explain applications and consequences of thermal expansion in the context of common examples, including the liquid-in-glass thermometer

3

Heat

P 1: Heat: Changes of State (continued)

P 2: Heat: Changes of State Graphs

P 3: Exploratory Activity on How Aquatic Life Survives When Lakes Feeze Over

P 4: Heat: Labwork

P 5: Heat: Labwork

P 6: Heat: Effects of Temperature on Gases

[SLO: P-10-E-19]

Explain, in terms of the motion and arrangement of particles, the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, and state the relative order of magnitudes of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases state the meaning of melting point and boiling point

[SLO: P-10-E-20]

Describe melting, solidification, boiling and condensation in terms of energy transfer without a change in temperature

[SLO: P-10-E-21]

Recall the melting and boiling temperatures for water at standard atmospheric pressure

[SLO: P-10-E-22]

Describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids (linear and volumetric expansion).

[SLO: P-10-E-23]

Explain the thermal expansion of liquids (real and apparent expansion).

Gases, Pressure and Thermal Expansion:

[SLO: P-10-E-24]

Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the forces exerted by particles colliding with surfaces, creating a force per unit area

[SLO: P-10-E-25]

Explain qualitatively, in terms of particles, the relationship between:

(a) pressure and temperature at constant volume

(b) volume and temperature at constant pressure

(c) pressure and volume at constant temperature

[SLO: P-10-E-26]

Recall and use the equation p1V1 = p2V2, including a graphical representation of the relationship between pressure and volume for a gas at constant temperature

Changes in State:

[SLO: P-10-E-27]

Describe melting, solidification, boiling and condensation in terms of energy transfer without a change in temperature

[SLO: P-10-E-28]

Describe the differences between boiling and evaporation

[SLO: P-10-E-29]

Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more energetic particles from the surface of a liquid

[SLO: P-10-E-30]

Describe how temperature, humidity, surface area and air movement over a surface affect evaporation

[SLO: P-10-E-31]

Explain how evaporation causes cooling

[SLO: P-10-E-32]

Describe the use of cooling caused by evaporation in refrigeration process without using harmful CFC.

[SLO: P-10-E-33]

Describe latent heat as the energy required to change the state of a substance and explain it in terms of particle behaviour and the forces between particles

[SLO: P-10-E-34]

Describe experiments to determine heat of fusion and heat of vaporization of ice and water respectively by sketching temperature-time graph on heating ice.

4

Heat

P 1: Exploratory Activity on How Pistons Work in Car Engines

P 2: Heat: Effects of Temperature on Gases (continued)

P 3: Heat: Conduction

P 4: Heat: Conduction (continued)

P 5: Heat: Convection

P 6: Heat: Convection (continued)

Modes of Heat Transfer:

[SLO: P-10-E-36]

Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad thermal conductors

[SLO: P-10-E-37]

Describe thermal conduction in all solids in terms of atomic or molecular lattice vibrations and also in terms of the movement of free (delocalised) electrons in metallic conductors

[SLO: P-10-E-38]

Explain convection in liquids and gases in terms of density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection

[SLO: P-10-E-39]

Explain convection in seawater to support marine life

[SLO: P-10-E-40]

Describe the role of land breezes and sea breezes in maintaining moderate costal climates

[SLO: P-10-E-41]

Explain how birds are able to fly for hours without flapping their wings and gliders are able to rise by riding on thermal currents which are streams of hot air rising in the sky.

5

Heat

P 1: Heat: Radiation

P 2: Heat: Labwork

P 3: Heat: Labwork

P 4: Heat: Radiation (continued)

P 5: Heat: Thermal Insulation

P 6: Heat: Thermal Insulation (continued)

[SLO: P-10-E-42]

Describe the process of thermal energy transfer by infrared radiation and know that it does not require a medium

[SLO: P-10-E-43]

Describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption and reflection of infrared radiation

[SLO: P-10-E-44]

Describe how the rate of emission of radiation depends on the surface temperature and surface area of an object

[SLO: P-10-E-45]

Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad emitters of infrared radiation

[SLO: P-10-E-46]

Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad absorbers of infrared radiation

[SLO: P-10-E-47]

Explain the consequence of heat radiation in greenhouse effect and its effect in global warming.

6

Heat

P 1: Heat: Collective Applications of Conduction, Convection and Radiation

P 2: Exploratory Activity on Watching a Documentary on the Science of Climate Change and Natural Disasters

P 3: Exploratory Activity on Watching a Documentary on the Science of Climate Change and Natural Disasters (continued)

P 4: Heat: Integrated Practice

P 5: Heat: Integrated Practice

P 6: Exploratory Activity on Building Model Houses in Groups with Best Insulation Using Arts and Crafts Materials Like Thermopore Sheets

[SLO: P-10-E-48]

Explain everyday applications using ideas about conduction, convection and radiation, including:

(a) heating objects such as kitchen pans

(b) heating a room by convection

(c) measuring temperature using an infrared thermometer

(d) using thermal insulation to maintain the temperature of a liquid and to reduce thermal energy transfer

in buildings

(e) the mechanism of a household hot-water system

7

Waves

P 1: Waves: What are Waves and How to Describe Waves

P 2: Waves: How to Describe Waves (continued)

P 3: Waves: How to Describe Waves (continued)

P 4: Waves: Overview of Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction

P 5: Waves: Diffraction

P 6: Waves: Diffraction (continued)

Wave Theory:

[SLO: P-10-G-01]

Recall that waves transfer energy without transferring matter

[SLO: P-10-G-02]

Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs and by experiments using water waves

[SLO: P-10-G-03]

Describe the features of a wave in terms of wavefront, wavelength, frequency, crest (peak), trough, amplitude and wave speed

Define the terms:

[SLO: P-10-G-04]

(a) frequency as the number of wavelengths that pass a point per unit time

[SLO: P-10-G-05]

(b) wavelength as the distance between two consecutive, identical points such as two consecutive crests

[SLO: P-10-G-06]

(c) amplitude as the maximum distance from the mean position

[SLO: P-10-G-08]

5. Derive, recall and use the equation wave speed = frequency × wavelength v = f λ

[SLO: P-10-G-09]

Recall

that for a transverse wave, the direction of vibration is at right angles to the direction of the energy transfer, and give examples such as electromagnetic radiation, waves on the surface of water, and seismic S-waves (secondary)

[SLO: P-10-G-10]

Explain that for a longitudinal wave, the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of the energy transfer, and give examples such as sound waves and seismic P-waves (primary)

[SLO: P-10-G-11]

Explain how tsunamis are generated in terms of underwater earthquakes/volcanic activity generating waves that increase in frequency and amplitude as they encounter increasingly shallow water

[SLO: P-10-G-12]

Describe how waves can undergo:

(a) reflection at a plane surface

(b) refraction due to a change of speed

(c) diffraction through a gap

[SLO: P-10-G-13]

Describe how wavelength and gap size affects diffraction through a gap

[SLO: P-10-G-14]

Describe the use of a ripple tank to show:

(a) reflection at a plane surface

(b) refraction due to a change in speed caused by a change in depth

(c) diffraction due to a gap

(d) diffraction due to an edge

[SLO: P-10-G-15]

Describe how wavelength affects diffraction at an edge

8

Waves

P 1: Waves: Labwork

P 2: Waves: Labwork

P 3: Summative Assessment on Heat

P 4: Waves: Sound

P 5: Waves: Sound (continued)

P 6: Waves: Sound (continued)

Sound:

[SLO: P-10-G-16]

Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources

[SLO: P-10-G-17]

Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves and describe compressions and rarefactions

[SLO: P-10-G-18]

State the approximate range of frequencies audible to humans as 20Hz to 20000Hz

[SLO: P-10-G-19]

Explain why sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum and describe an experiment to demonstrate this

[SLO: P-10-G-20]

Describe how changes in amplitude and frequency affect the loudness and pitch of sound waves

[SLO: P-10-G-21]

Describe how different sound sources produce sound waves with different qualities (timbres), as shown by the shape of the traces on an oscilloscope

[SLO: P-10-G-22]

Describe an echo as the reflection of sound waves

9

Waves

P 1: Waves: Sound (continued)

P 2: Exploratory Activity on Acoustic Design of Buildings like Badshahi Masjid

P 3: Exploratory Activity on Mantis Shrimps and Their Use of Sonoluminescence to Capture Prey

P 4: Waves: Integrated Practice

P 5: Waves: Labwork

P 6: Waves: Labwork

[SLO: P-10-G-23]

Describe simple experiments to show the reflection of sound waves

[SLO: P-10-G-24]

Describe a method involving a measurement of distance and time for determining the speed of sound in air

[SLO: P-10-G-25] Recall that the speed of sound in air is approximately 330–350m/s

[SLO: P-10-G-26]

Recall that, in general, sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and faster in liquids than in gases

[SLO: P-10-G-27]

Define ultrasound as sound with a frequency higher than 20kHz

[SLO: P-10-G-28]

Describe the uses of ultrasound in cleaning, prenatal and other medical scanning, and in sonar (including calculation of depth or distance from time and wave speed)

[SLO: P-10-G-29]

Describe the use of infrasound by elephants in communication, and in the study of seismic activity

[SLO: P-10-G-30]

Explain the effects of noise pollution on the environment

[SLO: P-10-G-31]

Describe the importance of acoustic protection

[SLO: P-10-G-32]

Describe how knowledge of the properties of sound waves is applied in the design of buildings with respect to acoustics

[SLO: P-10-G-33]

Explain the use of soft materials to reduce echo sounding in classroom studies, and other public gathering buildings.

[SLO: P-10-G-34]

Explain, with examples, how sound can reflect, refract and diffract

[SLO: P-10-G-35]

Explain that sound is converted by the ear drum and nerves into electrical signals that are then interpreted by the brain

10

Light

P 1: Light: Rectilinear Propagation

P 2: Light: Law of Reflection

P 3: Light: Mirrors

P 4: Light: Exploratory Activity on the Use of Mirrors to Illuminate Ancient Internally Dark Buildings Like Pyramids

P 5: Light: Refraction

P 6: Light: Exploratory Activity on Types of Mirages and How They Are Formed

[SLO: P-10-G-36]

Define and use the terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection

[SLO: P-10-G-37]

State that light travels in straight lines (assuming it is in the same medium and not under the influence of extreme gravity), and describe an experiment to prove this

[SLO: P-10-G-38]

Describe an experiment to illustrate the law of reflection

[SLO: P-10-G-39]

Describe an experiment to find the position and characteristics of an optical image formed by a plane mirror (same size, same distance from mirror as object and virtual)

[SLO: P-10-G-40]

State that for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection and use this in constructions, measurements and calculations

[SLO: P-10-G-41]

Define and use the terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction

[SLO: P-10-G-42]

Apply the qualitative principle that a wave bends towards the normal when it slows down while entering a medium, and that it bends away from the normal if it speeds up when it enters a new medium (in the case the angle of incidence is zero, then the waves continues parallel to the normal)

[SLO: P-10-G-43]

Define the refractive index from a vaccum to a medium for light as c/v

11

Light

P 1: Light: Snell's Law

P 2: Light: Snell's Law (continued)

P 3: Light: Total Internal Reflection

P 5: Light: Exploratory Activity on Examples of Total Internal Reflection in Nature

P 6: Light: Labwork

[SLO: P-10-G-44]

Define refractive index n as n = sin i/sin r; recall and use this equation

[SLO: P-10-G-45]

Describe an experiment to show refraction of light by transparent blocks of different shapes

[SLO: P-10-G-46]

Define the terms critical angle and total internal reflection; derive, recall and use the equation n = 1/sin c

[SLO: P-10-G-47]

Describe experiments to show internal reflection and total internal reflection

[SLO: P-10-G-48]

Describe the use of optical fibres, particularly in telecommunications, stating the advantages of their use in each context

12

Light

P 1: Light: Labwork

P 2: Summative Assessment on Waves

P 3: Light: Lenses and Ray Diagrams

P 4: Medical Physics: Eyesight

P 5: Exploratory Activity on Spectrum of Colors that Other Animals Can See

P 6: Light: Lenses and Ray Diagrams (continued)

[SLO: P-10-G-49]

Describe the action of thin converging and thin diverging lenses on a parallel beam of light

[SLO: P-10-G-50]

Define and use the terms focal length, principal axis and principal focus (focal point)

[SLO: P-10-G-51]

Draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a converging lens and know that a real image is formed by converging rays and a virtual image is formed by diverging rays

[SLO: P-10-G-52]

Define linear magnification as the ratio of image length to object length; recall and use the equation linear magnification = image length/object length

[SLO: P-10-G-53]

Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass

[SLO: P-10-G-54]

Describe the dispersion of light (including the detection of non-visible spectra by a thermometer) as illustrated by the refraction of white light by a glass prism

13

Light

P 1: Light: Lenses and Ray Diagrams (continued)

P 2: Light: Lenses and Ray Diagrams (continued)

P 3: Light: Integrated Practice

P 4: Light: Labwork

P 5: Light: Labwork

P 6: Summative Assessment on Light

[SLO: P-10-G-55]

Recall

the traditional seven colours of the visible spectrum in order of frequency and in order of wavelength

[SLO: P-10-G-56]

Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass and in a camera, projector and photographic enlarger and draw ray diagrams to show how each forms an image.

[SLO: P-10-G-57]

Explain that extreme gravity from interstellar objects like blackholes can cause light to apparently bend (from the perspective of the observer) in a way that is analagous to a simple lens. This is called 'gravitational lensing'.

[SLO: P-10-G-58]

Explain that with the help of 3D printers, it is possible to develop 'acoustic lenses' that are made of materials and shapes that work to focus or diverge sound

14

Electrostatics

P 1: Electrostatics: What is Charge

P 2: Electrostatics: Methods of Charging and Discharging Insulators

P 3: Electrostatics: Methods of Charging and Discharging Insulators (continued)

P 4: Electrotattics: Exploratory Activity on Tricks with Plasma Ball Lamps

Exploratory Activity on the Life of Tesla

P 5: Electrostatics: Methods of Charging and Discharging Conductors

P 6: Electrostatics: Methods of Charging and Discharging Conductors (continued)

[SLO: P-10-H-01]

State that there are positive and negative charges and that charge is measured in coulombs

[SLO: P-10-H-02]

State that unlike charges attract and like charges repel

[SLO: P-10-H-03]

Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by friction

[SLO: P-10-H-04]

Explain that charging of solids by friction involves only a transfer of negative charge (electrons)

[SLO: P-09-H-05]

Explain how and why an insulator can be discharged by:

- putting it above a flame

- exposing it to damp conditions

[SLO: P-10-H-06]

Explain how a conductor can be charged by electric induction and then "earthing"

[SLO: P-10-H-07]

Describe examples where charging could be a problem, e.g. lightning.

[SLO: P-10-H-08]

Describe examples where charging is helpful, e.g. photocopier and electrostatic precipitator.

[SLO: P-10-H-09]

Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force

[SLO: P-10-H-10]

State that the direction of an electric field line at a point is the direction of the force on a positive charge at that point

 [SLO: P-10-H-11]

Describe simple electric field patterns, including the direction of the field:

(a) around a point charge

(b) around a charged conducting sphere

(c) between two oppositely charged parallel conducting plates (end effects will not be examined)

[SLO: P-10-H-12]

State examples of electrical conductors and insulators

[SLO: P-10-H-13]

Describe an experiment to distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators

[SLO: P-10-H-14]

Recall and use a simple electron model to explain the difference between electrical conductors and insulators

15

Electrostatics

P 1: Exploratory Activity on Magician Tricks Involving Static Electricity

P 2: Electrostatics: Lightning and Electrical Breakdown

P 3: Electrostatics: Labwork

P 4: Electrostatics: Lightning and Electriical Breakdown (continued)

P 5: Electrostatics: Exploratory Activity on the Debate About the Existence of Ball Lightning

P 6: Electrostatics: Applications

[SLO: P-10-H-15]

Explain how a lightning rod can protect humans from electrocution from lightning strikes

[SLO: P-10-H-16]

Explain that electrical breakdown occurs when a strong electric field passes through a material and causes its atoms to ionize. Corona discharge and Lichtenburg figures are visible examples of electrical breakdown.

[SLO: P-09-H-17]

Explain how lightning is generated:

- through friction between the water molecules suspended in clouds in the case of thunderstorms, and from between smoke particules in the case of volcanic lightning

- lightning streamers are created through the process of electrical breakdown and this provided a path for the electric current from one charged object to the other

- in the case of cloud-ground lightning a strong electric field from the clouds induces an opposite net charge in the conducting material present in the ground, and when this field becomes strong enough it generates lightning streams that provide the path for cloud-to-ground and ground-to-cloud discharge

[SLO: P-10-H-18]

Explain that there are many kinds of atmospheric lightning (e.g. sprites, jets, elves, trolls, pixies, ghosts, ball lightning) that are still being researched

[SLO: P-10-H-19]

Explain the workings and applications of a Van De Graaf generator

[SLO: P-10-H-20]

Explain how a Faraday cage works by inducing internal electric fields that work to shield the inside from the influence of external electric fields

16

Electrostatics

Electricity

P 1: Electrostatics: Applications

P 2: Electricity: Definition of Current and How Electricty Flows through Metallic Wires

P 3: Electricty: Potential Difference and Electromotive Force

P 4: Electricty: Resistance and Ohm's Law

P 5: Electricity: Circuit Diagrams and Applying Ohm's Law

P 6: Electricity: Labwork

Electric Current and Ohm's Law:

[SLO: P-10-H-21]

Define electric current as the charge passing a point per unit time; recall and use the equation electric current = charge/time I = Q/t

[SLO: P-10-H-22]

Describe electrical conduction in metals in terms of the movement of free electrons

[SLO: P-10-H-23]

Recall that current is measured in amps (amperes) and that the amp is given by coulomb per second (C/s)

[SLO: P-10-H-24]

Know the difference between direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.)

[SLO: P-10-H-25]

State that conventional current is from positive to negative and that the flow of free electrons is from negative to positive

[SLO: P-10-H-26]

Describe the use of ammeters (analogue and digital) with different ranges

[SLO: P-10-H-27]

Define e.m.f. (electromotive force) as the electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a complete circuit; recall and use the equation e.m.f. = work done (by a source) charge E = W/Q

[SLO: P-10-H-28]

Define p.d. (potential difference) as the work done by a unit charge passing through a component; recall and use the equation p.d. = work done (on a component) charge V = W/Q

[SLO: P-10-H-29]

Know that e.m.f. and p.d. are measured in volts and that the volt is given by joule per coulomb (J/C)

[SLO: P-10-H-30]

Describe the use of voltmeters (analogue and digital) with different ranges

[SLO: P-10-H-31]

Calculate the total e.m.f. where several sources are arranged in series

[SLO: P-10-H-32]

State that the e.m.f of identical sources connected in parallel is equal to the e.m.f. of one of the sources

[SLO: P-10-H-33]

Recall and use the equation resistance = p.d./current R = V/I

[SLO: P-10-H-34]

Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter and do the appropriate calculations

[SLO: P-10-H-35]

Recall and use, for a wire, the direct proportionality between resistance and length, and the inverse proportionality between resistance and cross-sectional area

[SLO: P-10-H-36]

State Ohm’s law, including reference to constant temperature

[SLO: P-10-H-37]

Sketch and explain the current–voltage graphs for a resistor of constant resistance, a filament lamp and a diode

[SLO: P-10-H-38]

Describe the effect of temperature increase on the resistance of a resistor, such as the filament in a filament lamp

17

Electricity

P 1: Electricity: Circuit Diagrams and Applying Ohm's Law (continued)

P 2: Electricty: Ammeters, Voltmeters and Galvanometers

P 3: Electricity: Reading Resistor Color Codes, Thermistors, LDRs and Diodes

P 4: Electricity: Resistivity

P 5: Electricity: Potential Divider

P 6: Electricity: Labwork

Circuit Diagrams:

[SLO: P-10-H-39]

Draw and interpret circuit diagrams with cells, batteries, power supplies, generators, oscilloscopes, potential dividers, switches, resistors (fixed and variable), heaters, thermistors (NTC only), light-dependent resistors (LDRs), lamps, motors, ammeters, voltmeters, magnetising coils, transformers, fuses, relays, diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and know how these components behave in the circuit

[SLO: P-10-H-40]

Recall and use in calculations, the fact that:

(a) the current at every point in a series circuit is the same

(b) the sum of the currents entering a junction in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents that

leave the junction

(c) the total p.d. across the components in a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual p.d.s across

each component

(d) the p.d. across an arrangement of parallel resistances is the same as the p.d. across one branch in the

arrangement of the parallel resistances

[SLO: P-10-H-41]

Calculate the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

[SLO: P-10-H-42]

Calculate the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel

[SLO: P-10-H-43]

Calculate current, voltage and resistance in parts of a circuit or in the whole circuit

[SLO: P-10-H-44]

Describe the action of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors and light-dependent resistors and explain their use as input sensors

[SLO: P-10-H-45]

Describe the action of a variable potential divider

[SLO: P-10-H-46]

Recall and use the equation for two resistors used as a potential divider R1/R2= V1/V2

[SLO: P-10-H-47]

Explain how the values of resistors are chosen according to a colour code and why widely different values are needed in different types of circuit.

[SLO: P-10-H-48]

Discuss the need to choose components with suitable power ratings.

[SLO: P-10-H-49]

Describe the action of a diode in passing current in one direction only.

[SLO: P-10-H-50]

Describe the action of a light-emitting diode in passing current in one direction only and emitting light.

 [SLO: P-10-H-51]

Describe and explain the action of relays in switching circuits.

Describe and explain circuits operating as light-sensitive switches and temperature-operated alarms (using a relay or other circuits).

18

Electricity

P 1: Electricity: Labwork

P 2: Electricity: Summative Assessment on Electrostatics

P 3: Electricity: Relays, Applications of Circuit Diagrams

P 4: Electricity: Integrated Practice

P 5: Electricity: Bioelectricity

P 6: Electricity: Power and Wattage

Practical Electricty:

[SLO: P-10-H-52]

State common uses of electricity, including heating, lighting, battery charging and powering motors and electronic systems

 [SLO: P-10-H-53]

State the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit

[SLO: P-10-H-54]

Recall and use the equation power = current × voltage P = IV

[SLO: P-10-H-55]

Recall and use the equation energy = current × voltage × time E = IVt

 [SLO: P-10-H-56]

19

Mid Term Exam Revision

20

21

Electricity

P 1: Electricity: Kilowatt hours

P 2: Electricity: Hazards

P 3: Electricity: Labwork

P 4: Summative Assessment on Electricity

P 5: Electricity: Exploratory Activity on Researching Public Misconceptions About the First Aid to Give to an Electrocuted Patient

P 6: Electricity: Integrated Practice

Define the kilowatt-hour (kWh) and calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh

[SLO: P-10-H-57]

State the hazards of:

(a) damaged insulation

(b) overheating cables

(c) damp conditions

(d) excess current from overloading of plugs, extension leads, single and multiple sockets when using a mains supply

[SLO: P-10-H-58]

Explain the use and operation of trip switches and fuses and choose appropriate fuse ratings and trip switch settings

Bioelectricity:

[SLO: P-10-H-64]

Explain that in humans and many other living organisms:

- cells control the flow of specific charged elements across the membrane with proteins that sit on the cell surface and create an opening for certain ions to pass through. These proteins are called ion channels.

- When a cell is stimulated, it allows positive charges to enter the cell through open ion channels. The inside of the cell then becomes more positively charged, which triggers further electrical currents that can turn into electrical pulses, called action potentials.

- The bodies of many organisms use certain patterns of action potentials to initiate the correct movements, thoughts and behaviors.

[SLO: P-10-H-65]

State that there several species of aquatic life, such as Electrophorus Electricus, that can naturally generate external electric shocks through internal biological mechanisms that act as batteries

[SLO: P-10-H-66]

Explain, with examples of animals with this ability, that electroreception is the ability to detect weak naturally occurring electrostatic fields in the environment.

22

Electricity

Electromagnetism

P 1: Electricity: Live, Earth and Neutral Wires

P 2: Electricity: Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Double Insulation

P 3: Electricity: Integrated Practice

P 4: Electromagnetism: Magnetic Effects of a Current Carrying Wire

P 5: Electromagnetism: Magnetic Effects of a Current Carrying Wire (continued)

P 6: Electromagnetism: Working Principles of a Motor

[SLO: P-10-H-59]

Explain what happens when a live wire touches a metal case that is earthed

 [SLO: P-10-H-60]

Explain why the outer casing of an electrical appliance must be either non-conducting (double-insulated) or earthed

 [SLO: P-10-H-61]

Recall that a mains circuit consists of a live wire (line wire), a neutral wire and an earth wire and explain why a switch must be connected into the live wire for the circuit to be switched off safely

 [SLO: P-10-H-62]

Explain why fuses and circuit breakers are connected into the live wire

38. Explain why domestic supplies are connected in parallel.

[SLO: P-10-H-63]

Explain the damage that can electric shock could do to a human being in terms of burns, cardio-respiratory failure and seizures

[SLO: P-10-H-76]

Describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction

[SLO: P-10-H-77]

State that the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. is affected by:

(a) the rate of change of the magnetic field or the rate of cutting of magnetic field lines

(b) the number of turns in a coil

[SLO: P-10-H-78]

State and use the fact that the effect of the current produced by an induced e.m.f. is to oppose the change producing it (Lenz’s law) and describe how this law may be demonstrated

[SLO: P-10-H-79]

Describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings and brushes where needed

[SLO: P-10-H-80]

Sketch and interpret graphs of e.m.f. against time for simple a.c. generators and relate the position of the generator coil to the peaks, troughs and zeros of the e.m.f.

[SLO: P-10-H-81]

Describe the pattern and direction of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids and state the effect on the magnetic field of changing the magnitude and direction of the current

[SLO: P-10-H-82]

Describe how the magnetic effect of a current is used in relays and loudspeakers and give examples of their application

[SLO: P-10-H-83]

8. Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing:

(a) the current

(b) the direction of the field

[SLO: P-10-H-84]

Recall and use the relative directions of force, magnetic field and current

[SLO: P-10-H-85]

Describe the magnetic field patterns between currents in parallel conductors and relate these to the forces on the conductors (excluding the Earth’s field)

[SLO: P-10-H-86]

Recall that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field may experience a turning effect and that the turning effect is increased by increasing:

(a) the number of turns on the coil

(b) the current

(c) the strength of the magnetic field

[SLO: P-10-H-87]

Explain that it is theorized that the Earth's magnetic field is generated by the rotation of the Earth and its molten iron core that contains charged particles in motion

[SLO: P-10-H-88]

Describe the operation of an electric motor, including the action of a split-ring commutator and brushes

23

Electromagnetism

P 1: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 2: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 3: Feedback on Midterm Exam Results

P 4: Electromagnetism: Working Principles of a Motor (continued)

P 5: Electromagnetism: Magnetic Flux and Electomagnetic Induction

P 6: Electromagnetism: Lenz's Law

24

Electromagnetism

P 1: Electromagnetism: Faraday's Law

P 2: Electromagnetism: Working Principles of a Generator

P 3: Electromagnetism: Working Principles of a Generator (continued)

P 4: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 5: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 6: Electromagnetism: High Voltage Power Transfer and Transformers

[SLO: P-10-H-89]

Describe the structure and explain the principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer

[SLO: P-10-H-90]

Use the terms primary, secondary, step-up and step-down

[SLO: P-10-H-91]

Recall and use the equation VpVs= NpNs where P and S refer to primary and secondary

[SLO: P-10-H-92]

State the advantages of high-voltage transmission and explain why power losses in cables are smaller when the voltage is greater

25

Electromagnetism

P 1: Electromagnetism: High Voltage Power Transfer and Transformers (continued)

P 2: Electromagnetism: Exploratory Activity on Pakistan's Power Grid System

P 3: Electromagnetism: Exploratory Activity on Whether the Superpowers of TV Show Characters That Shoot Electricity Could Work in Real Life According to Physics

P 4: Electromagnetism: Thermionic Emission and Cathode Ray Beams

P 5: Electromagnetism: Thermionic Emission and Cathode Ray Beams (continued)

P 6: Electromagnetism: Labwork

[SLO: P-10-H-93]

State that electrons are emitted by a hot metal filament through a process called thermionic emission.

[SLO: P-10-H-94]

Explain that to cause a continuous flow of emitted electrons requires (1) high positive potential and (2) very low gas pressure.

[SLO: P-10-H-95]

Describe the deflection of an electron beam by electric fields and magnetic fields.

[SLO: P-10-H-96]

Describe the use of an oscilloscope to display waveforms

[SLO: P-10-H-97]

Describe how to measure p.d. and short intervals of time with an oscilloscope using the Y-gain and timebase

26

Electromagnetism

Computer Physics

P 1: Electromagnetism: EM Waves

P 2: Electromagnetism: EM Waves (continued)

P 3: Electromagnetism: EM Waves (continued)

P 4: Electromagnetism: Integrated Practice

P 5: Electromagnetism: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 6: Computer Physics: Analogue & Digital Information

Electromagnetic Waves:

[SLO: P-10-H-98]

Recall the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of frequency and in order of wavelength

[SLO: P-10-H-99]

Recall that the speed of all electromagnetic waves in:

(a) a vacuum is 3.0 × 10^8 m/s

(b) air is approximately the same as in a vacuum

[SLO: P-10-H-100]

Describe the role of the following components in the stated applications:

(a) radio waves – radio and television communications, astronomy

(b) microwaves – satellite television, mobile (cell) phone, Bluetooth, microwave ovens

(c) infrared – household electrical appliances, remote controllers, intruder alarms, thermal imaging, optical

fibres

(d) visible light – photography, vision

(e) ultraviolet – security marking, detecting counterfeit bank notes, sterilising water

(f) X-rays – hospital use in medical imaging, security scanners, killing cancerous cells, engineering

applications such as detecting cracks in metal

(g) gamma rays – medical treatment in detecting and killing cancerous cells, sterilising food and medical

equipment, engineering applications such as detecting cracks in metal

[SLO: P-10-H-101]

Describe the damage caused by electromagnetic radiation, including:

(a) excessive exposure causing heating of soft tissues and burns

(b) ionising effects caused by ultraviolet (skin cancer and cataracts), X-rays and gamma rays (cell mutation

and cancer)

[SLO: P-10-H-102]

Explain qualitatively in terms of wavelength changes how scattering of light by molecules in the air give the sky its blue color during the day and its shades of red during sunset (use of the terms Rayleigh and Mei scattering are not required)

[SLO: P-10-H-103]

Explain that technology launched into space like the Hubble and James Webb telescopes are playing strong roles in interstellar research, and they rely on the diffraction and refraction of non-visible spectra to study objects that are not in direct line of 'sight'

[SLO: P-10-H-104]

Explain that theoretically light can also considered to be made of massless particles that carry energy and momentum called 'photons'. As an example of this particle nature, light exerts pressure on objects (very slight) and this has been used by satellites that have 'solar sails' that accelerate with the help of force from light rays.

27

Computer Physics

P 1: Computer Physics: Transistors

P 2: Computer Physics: Transistors (continued)

P 3: Summative Assessment on Electromagnetism

P 4: Exploratory Activity on the History of Moore's Law

P 5: Computer Physics: Labwork

P 6: Computer Physics: Transistors (continued)

[SLO: P-10-H-67]

Explain that electronic devices are built from circuits that:

- can act as switches that can convert incoming voltage into binary electrical pulses of high and low (or 1 and 0). This is called Boolean logic and is the basis for converting analogue data to digital data. A 'bit' is the smallest unit of data in computing; either 1 or 0. Eight bits make up a byte.

- these switches can be put into combinations that then allow them to achieve complex logical operations

- transistors are very economical and rapid-response circuit components that function as switches

- with advances in engineering, the number of transistors that can be fit per unit area onto a circuit board has continued to increase dramatically; this has rapidly enhanced computing power

- circuits that maintain their 'state' after receiving an input can be said to exhibit 'memory' since they retain the effect of the last action upon them

- circuit systems that allow for logical processing and memory functions form the basis of progammable electronics

- modern day electronic systems are now making use of 'artificial intelligence'; computer systems that can 'learn' the right/best response to a situation by processing vasts amounts of data

- technologies like AI and computer simulation softwares are allowing physicists to tackle problems that require finding patterns in vast amounts of data e.g. climate predictions, astronomy and seismology

- breakthroughs in quantum physics are causing a new revolution in computing that are enabling computers to make exponentially more logical operations per unit time than with traditional computers

- quantum computers use 'qubits' rather than traditional bits. Rather than relying on transistors to store bits, they rely on materials like liquids at very low temperatures (that then exhibit 'quantum' properties) that under the right conditions can also store memory and 'digitise' incoming analogue data. However a qubit does not only store 1 or 0. It can store many more possibilities at the same time (analagous to having coordinates in 3 dimensions rather than just along the x axis). This is the basis for why quantum computing is much more powerful than traditional computing.

- quantum computers are still in early stages of development, and have to overcome manufacturing challenges such core components only functing at very cold temperatures that are at almost absolute zero

[SLO: P-10-H-68]

Differentiate between analogue and digital electronics.

[SLO: P-10-H-69]

Compare an analogue wrist watch with a digital wrist watch with reference to energy conversions and time display on dials.

[SLO: P-10-H-70]

Describe the action of a bipolar npn transistor as an electrically operated switch and explain its use in switching circuits.

28

Computer Physics

P 1: Computer Physics: Logic Gates

P 2: Computer Physics: Logic Gates (continued)

P 3: Computer Physics: Applications of AI in Physics

P 4: Computer Physics: Applications of AI in Physics (continued)

P 5: Computer Physics: Exploratory Activity on Parliamentary Style Class Debate on Whether AI Will Replace Humans as Physicists One P

P 6: Computer Physics: Quantum Computers

[SLO: P-10-H-71]

State in words and in truth table form, the action of the following logic gates, AND, OR, NAND, NOR and NOT (inverter).

[SLO: P-10-H-72]

Identify the use of logic gates for security purposes (e.g; burglar alarm, fire extinguisher etc.).

[SLO: P-10-H-73]

State the symbols for the logic gates listed above (American ANSI Y 32.14 symbols will be used).

[SLO: P-10-H-74]

Describe the use of a bistable circuit.

[SLO: P-10-H-75]

Discuss the fact that bistable circuits exhibit the property of memory.

29

Computer Physics

Particle Physics

P 1: Computer Physics: Exploratory Activity on the Contemporary International Funding and Race to Dominate the Future Quatum Computer Market

P 2: Computer Physics: Quantum Computers (continued)

P 3: Computer Physics: Integrated Practice

P 4: Computer Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 5: Particle Physics: Atomic Structure

P 6: Particle Physics: Subatomic Particles

30

Particle Physics

P 1: Particle Physics: Types of Radioactive Decay

P 2: Particle Physics: Exploratory Activity on the Life of Marie Curie

P 3: Particle Physics: Exploratory Activity on the Chernobyl Plant Disaster

P 4: Particle Physics: Exploratory Activity on Use of Nuclear Power Generation Internationally

P 5: Summative Assessment on Computer Physics

P 6: Particle Physics: Types of Radioactive Decay (continued)

[SLO: P-09-I-01]

Describe the structure of the atom in terms of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons that go around the nucleus:

- These electrons do not go around in predictable circular paths in the way that planets go around the sun. The electrons behave as 'quantum particles' and their location and momentum at any point in time is governed by probability; one cannot predict the motion of an electron.

- The 'shells' in which electrons 'orbit' refer to the level of kinetic energy the electrons possess; the further the shell is from the nucleus, the more energy the electron has.

- If one were to 'look' at an atom, one would see a fuzzy 'cloud' of electrons with a very small nucleus in the center (akin to a football with flies around it in a boundary of several football fields).

[SLO: P-09-I-02]

Describe how alpha-particle scattering experiments provide evidence for:

(a) a very small nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space

(b) a nucleus containing most of the mass of the atom

(c) a nucleus that is positively charged

[SLO: P-09-I-03]

Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons

[SLO: P-09-I-04]

Describe how atoms form positive ions by losing electrons or negative ions by gaining electrons

[SLO: P-09-I-05]

Define the terms proton number (atomic number) Z and nucleon number (mass number) A and be able to calculate the number of neutrons in a nucleus

[SLO: P-09-I-06]

Explain the term nuclide and use the nuclide notation AZX

[SLO: P-09-I-07]

Explain what is meant by an isotope and state that an element may have more than one isotope

[SLO: P-09-I-08]

Describe the detection of alpha particles (α-particles) using a cloud chamber or spark counter and the detection of beta particles (β-particles) (β-particles will be taken to refer to β−) and gamma radiation (γ-radiation) by using a Geiger-Müller tube and counter

[SLO: P-09-I-09]

Use count rate measured in counts/s or counts/minute

[SLO: P-09-I-10]

Explain what is meant by background radiation

[SLO: P-09-I-11]

Recall the sources that make a significant contribution to background radiation including:

(a) radon gas (in the air)

(b) rocks and buildings

(c) food and drink

(d) cosmic rays

31

Particle Physics

P 1: Particle Physics: Measuring Radiation

P 2: Particle Physics: Half Life and Decay Curves

P 3: Particle Physics: Half Life and Decay Curves (continued)

P 4: Particle Physics: Carbon Dating

P 5: Particle Physics: Hazards of Radiation

P 6: Particle Physics: Fission and Fusion

[SLO: P-09-I-12]

Use measurements of background radiation to determine a corrected count rate

[SLO: P-09-I-13]

Describe the emission of radiation from a nucleus as spontaneous and random in direction

[SLO: P-09-I-14]

Describe α-particles as two protons and two neutrons (helium nuclei), β-particles as high-speed electrons from the nucleus and γ-radiation as high-frequency electromagnetic waves

[SLO: P-09-I-15]

State, for α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation:

(a) their relative ionising effects

(b) their relative penetrating powers

[SLO: P-09-I-16]

Describe the deflection of α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation in electric fields and magnetic fields

[SLO: P-09-I-17]

Explain that radioactive decay is a change in an unstable nucleus that can result, most commonly (there other kinds of decay as well but students are not required to study those at this level), in the emission of α-particles or β-particles and/or γ-radiation and know that these changes are spontaneous and random.

[SLO: P-09-I-18]

Use decay equations, using nuclide notation, to show the emission of α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation

[SLO: P-09-I-19]

Describe the process of fusion as the formation of a larger nucleus by combining two smaller nuclei with the release of energy, and recognise fusion as the energy source for stars

[SLO: P-09-I-20]

Recall that matter can be converted to energy and vice versa (in this way the law of conservation of energy still holds).

32

Particle Physics

Climate and Geo Physics

P 1: Particle Physics: Fission and Fusion (continued)

P 2: Particle Physics: Exploratory Activity on the History of the Development of Pakistan's Nuclear Capabilities

P 3: Particle Physics: Antimatter and Particle Accelerators

P 4: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice

P 5: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 6: Climate Physics: Global Warming and Natural Disasters

[SLO: P-09-I-21]

Describe the process of fission when a nucleus, such as uranium-235 (U-235), absorbs a neutron and produces daughter nuclei and two or more neutrons with the release of energy

[SLO: P-09-I-22]

Use E=mc^2 to calculate the energy released in the process of nuclear fusion and fission reactions

[SLO: P-09-I-23]

Explain how the neutrons produced in fission create a chain reaction and that this is controlled in a nuclear reactor, including the action of coolant, moderators and control rods

[SLO: P-09-I-24]

Define the half-life of a particular isotope as the time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope in any sample to decay; recall and use this definition in calculations, which may involve information in tables or decay curves

[SLO: P-09-I-25]

Describe the dating of objects by the use of 14C

[SLO: P-09-I-26]

Explain how the type of radiation emitted and the half-life of the isotope determine which isotope is used for applications including:

(a) household fire (smoke) alarms

(b) irradiating food to kill bacteria

(c) sterilisation of equipment using gamma rays

(d) measuring and controlling thicknesses of materials with the choice of radiations used linked to penetration and absorption

(e) diagnosis and treatment of cancer using gamma rays

[SLO: P-09-I-27]

State the effects of ionising nuclear radiations on living things, including cell death, mutations and cancer

[SLO: P-09-I-28]

Explain how radioactive materials are moved, used and stored in a safe way, with reference to:

(a) reducing exposure time

(b) increasing distance between source and living tissue

(c) use of shielding to absorb radiation

[SLO: P-09-I-29]

hat a quark is a fundamental particle and that there are six flavours (types) of quark: up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom

[SLO: P-09-I-30]

Recall and use the charge of each flavour of quark and understand that its respective antiquark has the opposite charge (no knowledge of any other properties of quarks is required)

[SLO: P-09-I-31]

Recall that protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles and describe protons and neutrons in terms of their quark composition

[SLO: P-09-I-32]

Recall that a hadron may be either a baryon (consisting of three quarks) or a meson (consisting of one quark and one antiquark)

[SLO: P-09-I-33]

Recall that electrons and neutrinos are fundamental particles called leptons

[SLO: P-09-I-34]

Explain that there are various contending theories about what 'mass' and 'force' are generated from e.g. that these are generated from quantum fields when they are energised, or from multidimensional 'strings' that vibrate in higher dimensions to give rise to particles (no further technical knowledge beyond these simple descriptions is expected at this level)

[SLO: P-09-I-35]

Explain that particle accelerators collide atoms and sub-atomic particles with each other at very high speeds by accelerating them using magnetic and electric fields across very long tunnels to generate new particles

[SLO: P-09-I-36]

Explain that antimatter is the counterpart of matter (e.g. a positron is the antimatter counterpart to an electron):

- Antiparticles usually have the same weight, but opposite charge, compared to their matter counterparts

- Most of the matter in the observable universe is matter

- The asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the universe is an unsolved mystery

- When a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle, they undergo annihilation reactions in which either all the mass is converted to heat and light energy, or some mass is left over the form of new subatomic particles

33

Climate and Geo Physics

P 1: Climate Physics: Global Warming and Natural Disasters (continued)

P 2: Climate Physics: Global Warming and Natural Disasters (continued)

P 3: Climate Physics: Volcanoes

P 4: Climate Physics: Volcanoes (continued)

P 5: Climate Physics: Integrated Practice

P 6: Climate Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

[SLO: P-10-K-01]

Use ideas of convection to explain how cyclones are formed

[SLO: P-10-K-02]

Explain how global warming can contribute to higher chances of extreme weather events in the case of:

- hurricanes

- heat waves

- flooding

- rainfall

- wildfires

- droughts

- winter storms,

[SLO: P-10-K-03]

Use ideas of conduction, convection and radiation to explain how magma flows beneath the Earth, why it causes tectonic plate movement, volcanic eruptions and how the center of the Earth remains hot since being formed over 4 billion years ago

34

Astrophysics

P 1: Summative Assessment on Particle Physics

P 2: Astrophysics: The Sun

P 3: Astrophysics: Red Shift and The Big Bang

P 4: Astrophysics: Red Shift and The Big Bang (continued)

P 5: Astrophysics: Interstellar Time Dilation

P 6: Astrophysics: Interstellar Time Dilation

[SLO: P-10-J-01]

Explain that the Sun is a star of medium size, consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, and that it radiates most of its energy in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

[SLO: P-10-J-02]

Explain that stars are powered by nuclear reactions that release energy and that in stable stars the nuclear reactions involve the fusion of hydrogen into helium

[SLO: P-10-J-03]

Describe redshift as an increase in the observed wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted from receding stars and galaxies

[SLO: P-10-J-04]

Explain that the light from distant galaxies shows redshift and that the further away the galaxy, the greater the observed redshift and the faster the galaxy’s speed away from the Earth

[SLO: P-10-J-05]

Describe, qualitatively, how redshift provides evidence for the Big Bang theory

[SLO: P-10-J-06]

Explain at regardless of whether you travel towards or away from a beam of light at any constant speed, you will always measure the speed of light as appox. 3x10^8 m/s. This is a counterintuitive fact and is a base assumption on which Einstein's theory of relativity is based.

[SLO: P-10-J-07]

State that objects travelling close to the speed of light will experience time dilation. Assume there are two twins, A and B, who begin at the same place on Earth and then suppose A stays on Earth and B goes on a rocket journey at nearly the speed of light. Then if B returns back to Earth after he/she measures to be one year, it could be that he/she discovers that for A and everyone on Earth 70-80 years have in fact passed.

[SLO: P-10-J-08]

Explain that gravitational fields can slow down time relative to objects far away i.e. if there were two twins on Planets A and B, where A was much more massive than B, then the twin on A would age much more slowly than the twin on B. If the twin on A felt that one year has gone by, it could be that the twin on B felt as if 50 years had actually gone by. This phenomenon is explained by Einstein's theory of relativity and is called Time Dilation.

35

Astrophysics

Nature of Science

P 1: Astrophysics: Antimatter

P 2: Summative Assessment on Climate Physics

P 3: Astrophysics: Integrated Practice

P 4: Astrophysics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 5: Nature of Science: Empericism and Rationalism

P 6: Nature of Science: Determinism and Indeterminism

[SLO: P-10-J-09]

Explain that it is hypothesized that most of the matter in the universe is made up of dark matter:

- It is 'dark' because it does not appear to interact with electromagnetic radiation

- The shaping and movement of many galaxies do not seem to be explanable without sources of gravity that cannot be observed with any technology developed so far; hence this source of gravity is called 'dark matter'

36

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Modelling Phenomena and Systems in Physics

P 2: Nature of Science: Reductionism and Holism Views of Physical Systems

P 3: Summative Assessment on Astrophysics

P 4: Nature of Science: Positivism, Post-Positivism, Falsification and Parsimony

P 5: Nature of Science: Positivism, Post-Positivism, Falsification and Parsimony (continued)

P 6: Exploratory Activity on the Work of Ibn Haytham on Scientifc Methodology

Theory of Knowledge in Physics:

[SLO: P-10-M-08]

Explain 'empiricism' as the idea that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Connect this with the philosophical view that evidence from the empirical world is more reliable than mathematical projection.

[SLO: P-10-M-09]

Explain 'rationalism' as the idea that knowledge should take precedent from reasoning, not sense-experience. Connect this with the philosophical view that mathematics is more reliable than the impressions made from empirical world.

[SLO: P-10-M-10]

Differentiate between the philosophical views of scientific determinism (that everything can be predicted through calculation if all the physical conditions are known), indeterminism (that everything occurs as a matter of probability) and theological determinism (that there is a diety or dieties that determine every event that occurs in the past, present and future of the world)

[SLO: P-10-M-11]

Differentiate between reductionism and holism in the context of science as:

a- reductionism as the view that complex interactions and entities can be reduced to the sum of their constituent parts

b- holism as the view idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave.

[SLO: P-10-M-12]

Differentiate between positivism and postpositivism in the context of science as:

- positivism is the view of science that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be objectively scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof

- postpositivism is an amended view of positivism that holds that that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed e.g. the cycle of day and night can seem like proof of either heliocentrism (view that the earth goes around the sun) or geocentrism (view that the sun goes around the earth)

[SLO: P-10-M-13]

Explain Occam’s Razor (principle of parsimony) as the belief that the simplest explanation is the ideal one; the one with the fewest assumptions

[SLO: P-10-M-14]

Explain falsifiability as the idea that a theory is scientific only if it makes assertions that can be disproven

[SLO: P-10-M-15]

Explain, with examples, that scientists analyse data and look for patterns, trends and discrepancies, attempting to discover relationships and establish causal links. This is not always possible, so identifying and classifying observations and artefacts (eg types of galaxies or fossils) is still an important aspect of scientific work.

37

Nature of Science

P 1: Perspectives on the History of Physics

P 2: Perspectives on the History of Physics (continued)

P 3: Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts in Physics

P 4: Summative Assessment on Nature of Science

History of Physics:

[SLO: P-10-M-01]

Explain, with examples, that:

a) civilisations across the world have, since before recorded history, studied the workings of natural world.

b) to do science is to be involved in a community of inquiry with certain common principles, methodologies, understandings and processes (these have varied across geographically and historically)

[SLO: P-10-M-02]

Explain, with examples, that a 'scientific paradigm' is a theoretical model of how nature works

[SLO: P-10-M-03]

Explain, with examples, Thomas Kuhn's theory of paradigm shifts in the history of physics

[SLO: P-10-M-04]

Recognise that politics and social inequalities can affect who gets credit for a scientific discovery e.g. historically the contributions of women to scientific research have not been highlighted

[SLO: P-10-M-05]

Recognise that historically 'modern physics' emerged from the field of 'natural philosophy', and today debates about what is physics and what is metaphysics continues e.g. contestations about fields like String Theory since they do not produce predictions that are experimentally verifiable

38

End of Year Exams Revision

39

Week #

Broad Topic/Chapter

(e.g. in Physics the chapter could be 'Light')

Break-Down for the Week

Learning Objectives

(give both serial no and state the objective in full)

1

Physical Quantities

Kinematics

P 1: Physical Quantities: Review of Grades 9-10 Physical Quantities Concepts

P 2: Physical Quantities: Homogeniety of Equations and Dimensional Analysis

P 3: Physical Quantities: Homogeniety of Equations and Dimensional Analysis (continued)

P 4: Physical Quantities: Uncertainties

P 5: Physical Quantities: Uncertainties (continued)

P 6: Physical Quantities: Uncertainties (continued)

P 7: Kinematics: Review of Grades 9-10 Kinematics Concepts

Physical Quantities:

[SLO: P-11-A-01]

Recall that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit

[SLO: P-11-A-02]

Make reasonable estimates of physical quantities included within the syllabus

[SLO: P-11-A-03]

Recall the following SI base quantities and their units: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A), temperature (K)

[SLO: P-11-A-04]

Express derived units as products or quotients of the SI base units and use the derived units for quantities listed in this syllabus as appropriate

[SLO: P-11-A-05]

use SI base units to check the homogeneity of physical equations

[SLO: P-11-A-06]

derive formulae in simple cases using dimensions.

[SLO: P-11-A-07]

recall and use the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal submultiples or multiples of both base and derived units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (μ), milli (m), centi (c), deci (d), kilo (k), mega (M), giga (G), tera (T)

Uncertainties in Measurement:

[SLO: P-11-A-08]

Explain the effects of systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors in measurements

[SLO: P-11-A-09]

Differentiate

between precision and accuracy

[SLO: P-11-A-10]

assess the uncertainty in a derived quantity by simple addition of absolute, fractional or percentage uncertainties

[SLO: P-11-A-11]

explain why all measurements contain some uncertainty.

2

Kinemamatics

P 1: Physical Quantities: Lab Work

P 2: Physical Quantities: Lab Work

P 3: Kinematics: Expressing Vectors into Perpendicular Components

P 4: Kinematics: Equations of Motion

P 5: Kinematics: Equations of Motion (continued)

P 6: Kinematics: Exploratory Activity on Analysing Cricket Ball Trajectories from Batting Students and Seeing if the Direction of Force Determines the Maximum Height Achieved as Predicted by Theory

P 7: Kinematics: Integrated Practice

Translatory motion:

[SLO: P-11-B-01]

Differentiate

between scalar and vector quantities and give examples of scalar and vector quantities included in the syllabus

[SLO: P-11-B-02]

Add and subtract coplanar vectors

[SLO: P-11-B-03]

represent a vector as two perpendicular components

[SLO: P-11-B-04]

derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line

[SLO: P-11-B-05]

solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line, including the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance

3

Kinemamatics

Projectile Motion

Momentum

P 1: Kinematics: Angular Velocity and Centripetal Acceleration

P 2: Kinematics: Angular Velocity and Centripetal Acceleration (continued)

P 3: Kinematics: Integrated Practice

P 4: Summative Assessment on Physical Quantities

P 5: Kinematics: Labwork

P 6: Dynamics: Projectile Motion

P 7: Dynamics: Projectile Motion (continued)

Rotational motion:

[SLO: P-11-B-06]

define the radian and express angular displacement in radians

[SLO: P-11-B-07]

define angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration and express angular displacement in radians.

[SLO: P-11-B-08]

solve problems by using S= r θ and v=rω . recall and use ω = 2π/T

[SLO: P-11-B-09]

state and use of equations of angular motion to solve problems involving rotational motions.

[SLO: P-11-B-09]

describe qualitatively motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force.

[SLO: P-11-B-10]

derive and use centripetal acceleration a = rω², a = v² /r.

4

Momentum

P 1: Dynamics: Projectile Motion (continued)

P 2: Dynamics: Integrated Practice

P 3: Momentum: Review of Grades 9-10 Momentum Concepts

P 4: Momentum: Principle of Momentum in 2 Dimensions

P 5: Momentum: Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

P 6: Momentum: Labwork

P 7: Momentum: Labwork

Forces:

[SLO: P-11-C-01]

use a vector triangle to represent coplanar forces in equilibrium

[SLO: P-11-C-02]

explain that projectile motion is two dimensional motion in a vertical plane.

[SLO: P-11-C-03]

communicate the ideas of a projectile in the absence of air resistance that the

(i) Horizontal component (VH) of velocity is constant.

(ii) Acceleration is in the vertical direction and is the same as that of a vertically free-falling object.

(iii) The horizontal motion and vertical motion are independent of each other.

[SLO: P-11-C-04]

evaluate using equations of uniformly accelerated motion that for a given initial velocity of frictionless projectile.

- How higher does it go?

- How far would it go along the level land?

- Where would it be after a given time?

- How long will it remain in air?

[SLO: P-11-C-05]

determine for a projectile launched from ground height the

- launch angle that results in the maximum range.

- relation between the launch angles that result in the same range.

[SLO: P-11-C-06]

describe how air resistance affects both the horizontal component and vertical component of velocity and hence the range of the projectile.

Momentum:

[SLO: P-11-C-07]

apply the principle of conservation of momentum to solve simple problems, including elastic and inelastic interactions between objects in both one and two dimensions (knowledge of the concept of coefficient of restitution is not required), such as:

- karate chops to break a pile of bricks

- car crashes

- ball & bat

- the motion under thrust of a rocket in a straight line considering short thrusts during which the mass remains constant

[SLO: P-11-C-08]

recall that, for an elastic collision, total kinetic energy is conserved and the relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation

[SLO: P-11-C-09]

understand that, while momentum of a system is always conserved in interactions between objects, some change in kinetic energy may take place

5

Circular Motion

P 1: Summative Assessment on Kinematics

P 2: Momentum: Applications

P 3: Momentum: Integrated Practice

P 4: Circular Motion: Equation for Centripetal Force

P 5: Circular Motion: Applications of Centripetal Force

P 6: Circular Motion: Applications of Centripetal Force (continued)

P 7: Circular Motion: Exploratory Activity on Accretion Disks that Develop Around New Planets or Around Blackholes Because of their Centrripetal Force

Circular Motion & Centripetal Force:

[SLO: P-11-C-10]

solve problems using centripetal force F = mrω², F = mv² /r.

[SLO: P-11-C-11]

describe situations in which the centripetal acceleration is caused by a tension force, a frictional force, a gravitational force, or a normal force.

[SLO: P-11-C-12]

explain when a vehicle travels round a banked curve at the specified speed for the banking angle, the horizontal component of the normal force on the vehicle causes the centripetal acceleration.

[SLO: P-11-C-13]

describe the equation tanθ = v2/rg, relating banking angle θ to the speed v of the vehicle and the radius of curvature r.

[SLO: P-11-C-14]

explain that satellites can be put into orbits round the earth because of the gravitational force between the earth and the satellite.

[SLO: P-11-C-15]

explain that the objects in orbiting satellites appear to be weightless.

[SLO: P-11-C-16]

describe how artificial gravity is created to counter balance weightless.

[SLO: P-11-C-17]

analyze that satellites can be used to send information between places on the earth which are far apart, to monitor conditions on earth , including the weather, and to observe the universe without the atmosphere getting in the way.

[SLO: P-11-C-18]

describe that communication satellites are usually put into orbit high above the equator and that they orbit the earth once a day so that they appear stationary when viewed from earth.

6

Circular Motion

Deformation of Solids

P 1: Circular Motion: Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum

P 2: Circular Motion: Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum (continued)

P 3: Summative Assessment on Dynamics

P 4: Circular Motion: Applications of Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum

P 5: Circular Motion: Applications of Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum (continued)

P 6: Circular Motion: Integrated Practice

P 7: Deformation: Revision of Grades 9-10 Deformation of Solids Concepts

[SLO: P-11-C-19]

define moment of inertia of a body and angular momentum.

[SLO: P-11-C-20]

derive a relation between torque, moment of inertia and angular acceleration.

[SLO: P-11-C-21]

explain conservation of angular momentum as a universal law and describe examples of conservation of angular momentum.

[SLO: P-11-C-22]

use the formulae of moment of inertia of various bodies for solving problems.

[SLO: P-11-C-23]

identify the direction of rocket thrusts necessary to cause a space vehicle to change direction along a circular arc in a region of space where gravity is negligible

[SLO: P-11-C-24]

explain how a centrifuge is used to separate materials using centripetal force

[SLO: P-11-C-25]

explain how angular momentum is used:

- by flywheels to store rotational energy

- by gyroscopes in navigation systems

- by ice skaters to adjust their angular velocity

7

Deformation of Solids

P 1: Deformation: Types of Solids and Work Done by a Force Extended a Spring

P 2: Deformation: Stress, Strain and Young's Modulus

P 3: Deformation: Stress, Strain and Young's Modulus graphs

P 4: Deformation: Exploration Activity on the Design of and Materials (Young's Modulus) Used in Earthquake Proof Buildings

P 5: Deformation: Labwork

P 6: Deformation: Labwork

P 7: Summative Assessment on Circular Motion

Deformation of Solids:

[SLO: P-11-C-26]

distinguish between the structure of crystalline, glassy, amorphous and polymeric solids.

[SLO: P-11-C-27]

describe that deformation in solids is caused by a force and that in one dimension, the deformation can be tensile or compressive.

[SLO: P-11-C-28]

Explain

that deformation is caused by tensile or compressive forces (forces and deformations will be assumed to be in one dimension only)

[SLO: P-11-C-29]

Recall and

use the terms load, extension, compression and limit of proportionality

[SLO: P-11-C-30]

recall and use Hooke’s law

[SLO: P-11-C-31]

recall and use the formula for the spring constant k = F/ x

[SLO: P-11-C-32]

define and use the terms stress, strain and the Young modulus

[SLO: P-11-C-33]

describe an experiment to determine the Young modulus of a metal in the form of a wire understand and use the terms elastic deformation, plastic deformation and elastic limit

[SLO: P-11-C-34]

Recall

that the area under the force–extension graph represents the work done

[SLO: P-11-C-35]

determine the elastic potential energy of a material deformed within its limit of proportionality from the area under the force–extension graph

[SLO: P-11-C-36]

recall and use EP = 21 Fx = 21 kx2 for a material deformed within its limit of proportionality

8

Deformation of Solids

Work, Energy and Power

Heat

P 1: Deformation: Elastic Potential Energy

P 2: Deformation: Integrated Practice

P 3: Work, Energy, and Power: Revision of Grades 9-10 Work, Energy and Power Concepts

P 4: Work, Energy, and Power: Work-Energy Theorem in a Resistive Medium

P 5: Heat: Revision of Grades 9-10 Heat Concepts

P 6: Heat: Work Done by a Gas, 1st Law of Thermodynamics

P 7: Heat: Ideal Gas Equation

[SLO: P-11-D-01]

derive, using the equations of motion, the formula for kinetic energy EK = 1/2mv2

[SLO: P-11-D-02]

describe that work can be calculated from the area under the force-displacement graph.

[SLO: P-11-D-03]

differentiate conservative and non conservative forces giving examples of each.

[SLO: P-11-D-04]

utilize work – energy theorem in a resistive medium to solve problems.

9

Heat

Fluid Dynamics

P 1: Exploratory Activity on the History of Statistical Mechanics and the Field's Accomplishments

P 2: Summative Assessment on Deformation of Solids

P 3: Work, Energy & Power: Labwork

P 4: Heat: Ideal Gas Equation (continued)

P 5: Heat: Integrated Practice

P 6: Fluid Dynamics: Revision of Grades 9-10 Pressure

P 7: Fluid Dynamics: Principle of Flotation

Conceptual:

[SLO: P-11-F-01]

derive, from the definitions of pressure and density, the equation for hydrostatic pressure ∆p = ρg∆h

[SLO: P-11-F-02]

use the equation ∆p = ρg∆h

[SLO: P-11-F-03]

understand that the upthrust acting on an object in a fluid is due to a difference in hydrostatic pressure

[SLO: P-11-F-04]

calculate the upthrust acting on an object in a fluid using the equation F = ρgV (Archimedes’ principle)

[SLO: P-11-F-05]

explain how ships are engineered to float in the sea in terms of principle of flotation

10

Fluid Dynamics

P 1: Fluid Dynamics: Principle of Flotation (continued)

P 2 Fluid Dynamics: Exploratory Activity on the Design of Ships and Submarines

P 3: Fluid Dynamics: Types of Flow and Contuinity Equation

P 4: Fluid Dynamics: Applications of Continuity Equation

P 5: Summative Assessment on Heat & Work, Energy and Power

P 6: Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Effect and Equation

P 7: Fluid Dynamics: Bernoulli Effect and Equation (continued)

[SLO: P-11-F-06]

define the terms: steady (streamline or laminar) flow, incompressible flow and non viscous flow as applied to the motion of an ideal fluid.

[SLO: P-11-F-07]

explain that at a sufficiently high velocity, the flow of viscous fluid undergoes a transition from laminar to turbulence conditions.

[SLO: P-11-F-08]

describe that the majority of practical examples of fluid flow and resistance to motion in fluids involve turbulent rather than laminar conditions.

[SLO: P-11-F-09]

describe equation of continuity Aν = Constant, for the flow of an ideal and incompressible fluid and solve problems using it.

[SLO: P-11-F-10]

explain that for water falling from a tap, when the flow rate increases the cross sectional area decreases as mandated by the continuity equation.

[SLO: P-11-F-11]

identify that the equation of continuity is a form of the principle of conservation of mass.

[SLO: P-11-F-12]

describe that the pressure difference can arise from different rates of flow of a fluid (Bernoulli effect).

[SLO: P-11-F-13]

describe that the pressure difference can arise from different rates of flow of a fluid (Bernoulli effect).

[SLO: P-11-F-14]

derive Bernoullie equation in the form P + ½ ρv2 + ρgh = constant for the case of horizontal tube of flow.

11

Fluid Dynamics

Waves

P 1: Fluid Dynamics: Applications of Bernoulli Equation

P 2: Fluid Dynamics: Applications of Bernoulli Equation (continued)

P 3: Fluid Dynamics: Exploratory Activity on the Fluid Dynamics of Blood Flow

P 4: Fluid Dynamics: Integrated Practice

P 5: Waves: Revision of Grades 9-10 Waves Concepts

P 6: Waves: Intensity

P 7: Fuid Dynamics: Labwork

[SLO: P-11-F-15]

interpret and apply Bernoulli Effect in the: filter pump, Venturi meter, in, atomizers, flow of air over an aerofoil and in blood physics.

[SLO: P-11-F-16]

describe that real fluids are viscous fluids.

[SLO: P-11-F-17]

describe that viscous forces in a fluid cause a retarding force on an object moving through it.

[SLO: P-11-F-18]

analyse how the below applications work because of the Bernoulli efftect:

- atomisers in perfume bottles and paint sprayers

- the swinging trajectory of a spinning cricket ball and the lift of a spinning gold ball (the magnus effect)

- the use of Ventur ducts in filter pumps and car enginers to ajust the flow of fluid

[SLO: P-11-G-01]

describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes, springs and ripple tanks

[SLO: P-11-G-02]

Recall

and use the terms displacement, amplitude, phase difference, period, frequency, wavelength and speed

[SLO: P-11-G-03]

Recall

the use of the time-base and y-gain of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) to determine frequency and amplitude

[SLO: P-11-G-04]

derive, using the definitions of speed, frequency and wavelength, the wave equation v = f λ

[SLO: P-11-G-05]

recall and use v = f λ

[SLO: P-11-G-06]

understand that energy is transferred by a progressive wave

[SLO: P-11-G-07]

recall and use intensity = power/area and intensity ∝ (amplitude)2 for a progressive wave

12

Revision for Midterm Exams

13

Fluid Dynamics

Waves

P 1: Fuid Dynamics: Labwork

P 2: Summative Assessment on Fluid Dynamics

P 3: Waves: Doppler Effect

P 4: Waves: Doppler Effect (continued)

P 5: Waves: Applications of Doppler Effect

P 6: Waves: Revision of Graded 9-10 EM Waves Concepts

P 7: Waves: Polarisation and Malus's Law

[SLO: P-11-G-08]

compare transverse and longitudinal waves

[SLO: P-11-G-09]

analyse and interpret graphical representations of transverse and longitudinal waves

[SLO: P-11-G-10]

Explain that when a source of sound waves moves relative to a stationary observer, the observed frequency is different from the source frequency (understanding of the Doppler effect for a stationary source and a moving observer is not required)

[SLO: P-11-G-11]

use the expression fο = f sv /(v ± vs) for the observed frequency when a source of sound waves moves relative to a stationary observer

• explain the applications of Doppler effect such as radar, sonar, astronomy, satellite, radar speed traps and studying cardiac problems in humans (mathematical account of relativistic doppler effect is not required)

14

Waves

P 1: Waves: Polarisation and Malus's Law (continued)

P 2: Waves: Applications of Polarisation

P 3: Feedback on Midterm Exams

P 4: Waves: Exploratory Activity on Gravitational Waves

P 5: Labwork: Waves

P 6: Waves: Superposition and Standing Waves

P 7: Waves: Superposition and Standing Waves (continued)

[SLO: P-11-G-12]

state that all electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel with the same speed c in free space

[SLO: P-11-G-13]

recall the approximate range of wavelengths in free space of the principal regions of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to γ-rays

[SLO: P-11-G-14]

recall that wavelengths in the range 400–700nm in free space are visible to the human eye

[SLO: P-11-G-15]

Explain  that polarisation is a phenomenon associated with transverse waves

[SLO: P-11-G-16]

recall and use Malus’s law (I = I0 cos2θ ) to calculate the intensity of a plane-polarised electromagnetic wave after transmission through a polarising filter or a series of polarising filters (calculation of the effect of a polarising filter on the intensity of an unpolarised wave is not required)

[SLO: P-11-G-17]

explain and use the principle of superposition

[SLO: P-11-G-18]

Recall, interpret and explain

experiments that demonstrate stationary waves using microwaves, stretched strings and air columns (it will be assumed that end corrections are negligible; knowledge of the concept of end corrections is not required)

[SLO: P-11-G-19]

explain the formation of a stationary wave using a graphical method, and identify nodes and antinodes

15

Waves

P 1: Waves: Exploratory Activity on Studying Standing Waves on Chladni Plates

P 2: Waves: Exploratory Activity on Developing a Rubens Tube and Passing Soundwaves Through It

P 3: Waves: Exploratory Activity on Acoustic Levitation

P 4: Waves: Applications of Standing Waves

P 5: Waves: Applications of Standing Waves (continued)

P 6: Waves: Interference and Coherence

P 7: Waves: Applications of Interference

[SLO: P-11-G-20]

Recall how wavelength may be determined from the positions of nodes or antinodes of a stationary wave

[SLO: P-11-G-21]

explain the meaning of the term diffraction

[SLO: P-11-G-22]

Recall, interpret and explain

experiments that demonstrate diffraction including the qualitative effect of the gap width relative to the wavelength of the wave; for example diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank

[SLO: P-11-G-23]

Recall, use and explain the terms interference and coherence

[SLO: P-11-G-24]

explain beats as the pulsation caused by two waves of similar frequences interfering with each other

[SLO: P-11-G-25]

• recognise that beats are generated in musical instruments

[SLO: P-11-G-26]

• explain the use of polaroids in sky photography and stress analysis of materials

[SLO: P-11-G-27]

• explain that gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity generated by the accelerated masses of an orbital binary system that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light

[SLO: P-11-G-28]

• recognise that as a gravitational wave passes a body with mass the distortion in spacetime can cause the body to stretch and compress periodically

[SLO: P-11-G-29]

• recognise that gravitational waves pass through the Earth due to far off celestial events, but they are very minute amplitude

[SLO: P-11-G-30]

• explain that interferometers are very sensitive detection devices that make use of the interference of laser beams (working and set up details are not required) and were used to first detect the existence of gravitational waves

16

Waves

Electrostatics

P 1: Waves: Integrated Practice

P 2: Summative Assessment on Waves

P 3: Waves: Labwork

P 4: Electrostatics: Review of Grades 9-10 Electrostatics

P 5: Electrostatics: Electric Fields and Coulomb's Law

P 6: Electrostatics: Applications of Electric Fields and Coulomb's Law

P 7: Electrostatics: Integrated Practice

[SLO: P-11-H-01]

Recall that an electric field is an example of a field of force and define electric field as force per unit positive charge

[SLO: P-11-H-02]

recall and use F = qE for the force on a charge in an electric field

[SLO: P-11-H-03]

represent an electric field by means of field lines

[SLO: P-11-H-04]

recall and use E = ∆V/∆d to calculate the field strength of the uniform field between charged parallel plates

[SLO: P-11-H-05]

describe the effect of a uniform electric field on the motion of charged particles

[SLO: P-11-H-06]

Recall that, for a point outside a spherical conductor, the charge on the sphere may be considered to be a point charge at its centre

[SLO: P-11-H-07]

recall and use Coulomb’s law F = Q1Q2 /(4πε0r2) for the force between two point charges in free space

[SLO: P-11-H-08]

recall and use E = Q/(4πε0r2) for the electric field strength due to a point charge in free space

17

Electricity

P 1: Electricity: Review of Grades 9-10 Electricity Concepts

P 2: Electricity: Internal Resistance, Kirchhoff's Laws

P 3: Electricity: Kirchhoff's Laws (continued)

P 4: Summative Assessment on Electrostatics

P 5: Electricity: Labwork

P 6: Electricity: Labwork

P 7: Applications of Kirchhoff's Laws

SLO: P-11-H-09]

Recall hat an electric current is a flow of charge carriers

[SLO: P-11-H-10]

understand that the charge on charge carriers is quantised

[SLO: P-11-H-11]

recall and use Q = It

[SLO: P-11-H-12]

use, for a current-carrying conductor, the expression I = Anvq, where n is the number density of charge

carriers

[SLO: P-11-H-13]

define the potential difference across a component as the energy transferred per unit charge

[SLO: P-11-H-14]

recall and use V = W/Q

[SLO: P-11-H-15]

recall and use P = VI, P = I2R and P = V2 /R

[SLO: P-11-H-16]

define resistance

[SLO: P-11-H-17]

recall and use V = IR

[SLO: P-11-H-18]

sketch the I–V characteristics of a metallic conductor at constant temperature, a semiconductor diode and a filament lamp

[SLO: P-11-H-19]

explain that the resistance of a filament lamp increases as current increases because its temperature

increases

[SLO: P-11-H-20]

state Ohm’s law

[SLO: P-11-H-21]

recall and use R = ρL/A

[SLO: P-11-H-22]

Recall that the resistance of a light-dependent resistor (LDR) decreases as the light intensity

increases

[SLO: P-11-H-23]

Recall that the resistance of a thermistor decreases as the temperature increases (it will be

assumed that thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient)

[SLO: P-11-H-24]

recall and use the circuit symbols shown in section 6 of this syllabus

[SLO: P-11-H-25]

draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing the circuit symbols shown in section 6 of this syllabus

[SLO: P-11-H-26]

define and use the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source as energy transferred per unit charge in

driving charge around a complete circuit

[SLO: P-11-H-27]

distinguish between e.m.f. and potential difference (p.d.) in terms of energy considerations

[SLO: P-11-H-28]

Explain the effects of the internal resistance of a source of e.m.f. on the terminal potential difference

[SLO: P-11-H-29]

recall Kirchhoff’s first law and understand that it is a consequence of conservation of charge

[SLO: P-11-H-30]

recall Kirchhoff’s second law and understand that it is a consequence of conservation of energy

[SLO: P-11-H-31]

derive, using Kirchhoff’s laws, a formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

[SLO: P-11-H-32]

use the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

[SLO: P-11-H-33]

derive, using Kirchhoff’s laws, a formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in parallel

[SLO: P-11-H-34]

use the formula for the combined resistance of two or more resistors in parallel

[SLO: P-11-H-35]

use Kirchhoff’s laws to solve simple circuit problems

[SLO: P-11-H-36]

Explain the principle of a potential divider circuit

[SLO: P-11-H-37]

recall and use the principle of the potentiometer as a means of comparing potential differences

[SLO: P-11-H-38]

Explain the use of a galvanometer in null methods

[SLO: P-11-H-39]

explain the use of thermistors and light-dependent resistors in potential dividers to provide a potential difference that is dependent on temperature and light intensity

[SLO: P-11-H-40]

explain the internal resistance of sources and its consequences for external circuits

[SLO: P-11-H-41]

Explain how inspectors can easily check the reliability of a concrete bridge with carbon fibres as the fibres conduct electricity

18

Electromagnetism

P 1: Applications of Kirchhoff's Laws (continued)

P 2: Revision of Grades 9-10 Electromagnetism Concepts

P 3: Electromagnetism: Force on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic field

P 4: Electromagnetism: Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

P 5: Electromagnetism: Hall Probes

P 6: Applications of Electromagnetism

P 7: Exploratory Activity on the History of the Discovery of Electromagnetism

            [SLO: P-11-H-42]

Explain that a magnetic field is an example of a field of force produced either by moving charges or by permanent magnets

[SLO: P-11-H-43]

represent a magnetic field by field lines

[SLO: P-11-H-44]

Recall that a force might act on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field

[SLO: P-11-H-45]

recall and use the equation F = BIL sin θ, with directions as interpreted by Fleming’s left-hand rule

[SLO: P-11-H-46]

define magnetic flux density as the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at rightangles to the magnetic field

[SLO: P-11-H-47]

determine the direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field

[SLO: P-11-H-48]

recall and use F = BQv sin θ

[SLO: P-11-H-49]

Recall the origin of the Hall voltage and derive and use the expression VH = BI /(ntq), where t = thickness

[SLO: P-11-H-50]

Explain the use of a Hall probe to measure magnetic flux density

[SLO: P-11-H-51]

describe the motion of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of motion of the particle

[SLO: P-11-H-52]

explain how electric and magnetic fields can be used in velocity selection

[SLO: P-11-H-53]

sketch magnetic field patterns due to the currents in a long straight wire, a flat circular coil and a long solenoid

[SLO: P-11-H-54]

Recall that the magnetic field due to the current in a solenoid is increased by a ferrous core

[SLO: P-11-H-55]

explain the origin of the forces between current-carrying conductors and determine the direction of the forces

[SLO: P-11-H-56]

define magnetic flux as the product of the magnetic flux density and the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux density

[SLO: P-11-H-57]

recall and use Φ = BA

[SLO: P-11-H-58]

Recall and use the concept of magnetic flux linkage

[SLO: P-11-H-59]

Recall and explain experiments that demonstrate:

a- that a changing magnetic flux can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit

b- that the induced e.m.f. is in such a direction as to oppose the change producing it

c- the factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.

[SLO: P-11-H-60]

recall and use Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws of electromagnetic induction

[SLO: P-11-H-61]

explain how seismometers make use of electromagnetic induction to the earthquake detection in terms of how:

(i) any movement or vibration of the rock on which the seismometer rests (buried in

a protective case) results in relative motion between the magnet and the coil

(suspended by a spring from the frame.

(ii) the emf induced in the coil is directly proportional to the displacement associated

19

Electromagnetism

Relativity

P 1: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 2: Electromagnetism: Labwork

P 3: Summative Assessment on Electricity

P 4: Electromagnetism: Integrated Practice

P 5: Electromagnetism: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 6: Relativity: Inertial, Non-Inertial Reference Frames and Spacetime

P 7: Relativity: Relativity of Simultaniety

Relativity:

[SLO: P-11-I-01]

distinguish between inertial and non-inertial frames of reference.

[SLO: P-11-I-02]

describe the significance of Einstein’s assumption of the constancy of the speed of light.

[SLO: P-11-I-03]

identify that if c is constant then space and time become relative.

20

Relativity

P 1: Relativity: Mass and Energy Equivalence

P 2: Relativity: Length Contraction

P 3: Relativity: Time Dilation

P 4: Relativity: Exploratory Activity on the Physical Evidence of the Theory of Relativity

P 5: Summative Assessment on Electromagnetism

P 6: Relativity: Effects on Inertia at Relativistic Velocities

P 7: Relativity: Applications of Special Relativity

[SLO: P-11-I-04]

explain qualitatively and quantitatively the consequence of special relativity in relation to:

a– the relativity of simultaneity

b– the equivalence between mass and energy

c– length contraction

d– time dilation

e– mass increase

[SLO: P-11-I-05]

explain the implications of mass increase, time dilation and length contraction for space travel.

[SLO: P-11-I-06]

recognize that spacetime is a mathematical model in relativity that treats time as a fourth dimension of the traditional three dimensions of space. It can be thought of as a metaphorical sheet of paper that can bend, and when it bends it can cause effects such as stretching and compression seens when gravitational waves pass through objects.

21

Relativity

Particle Physics

P 1: Relativity: Integrated Practice

P 2: Particle Physics: Revision of Grades 9-10 Particle Physics Concepts

P 3: Particle Physics: Alpha Scattering Experiment

P 4: Particle Physics: Conservation of Charge and Nucleon Number in Nuclear Decay

P 5: Particle Physics: Quarks, Leptons, Baryons, Mesons, Anti Particles

P 6: Particle Physics: Exploratory Activity on the History of the Standard Model in the 20th Century

P 7: Summative Assessment on Relativity

Particle Physics:

[SLO: P-11-I-07]

infer from the results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of the nucleus

[SLO: P-11-I-08]

describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons, neutrons and orbital electrons

[SLO: P-11-I-09]

distinguish between nucleon number and proton number

[SLO: P-11-I-10]

Recall that isotopes are forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

[SLO: P-11-I-11]

Recall and use the notation AZ X for the representation of nuclides

[SLO: P-11-I-12]

Recall that nucleon number and charge are conserved in nuclear processes

[SLO: P-11-I-13]

describe the composition, mass and charge of α-, β- and γ-radiations (both β– (electrons) and β+ (positrons) are included)

[SLO: P-11-I-14]

Explain that an antiparticle has the same mass but opposite charge to the corresponding particle, and that a positron is the antiparticle of an electron

[SLO: P-11-I-15]

state that (electron) antineutrinos are produced during β–decay and (electron) neutrinos are produced during β+ decay

[SLO: P-11-I-16]

Explain that α-particles have discrete energies but that β-particles have a continuous range of energies because (anti)neutrinos are emitted in β-decay

[SLO: P-11-I-17]

represent α- and β-decay by a radioactive decay equation of the form U Th 92238902342 " + 4α12 use the unified atomic mass unit (u) as a unit of mass

22

Particle Physics

Nature of Science

P 1: Particle Physics: Quarks, Leptons, Baryons, Mesons, Anti Particles (continued)

P 2: Particle Physics: Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay

P 3: Particle Physics: Alpha, Beta and Gamma Decay (continued)

P 4: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice

P 5: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 6: Nature of Science: Thought Experiments

P 7: Nature of Science: Thought Experiments (continued)

[SLO: P-11-I-18]

Recall that a quark is a fundamental particle and that there are six flavours (types) of quark: up, down, strange, charm, top and bottom

[SLO: P-11-I-19]

recall and use the charge of each flavour of quark and understand that its respective antiquark has the opposite charge (no knowledge of any other properties of quarks is required)

[SLO: P-11-I-20]

recall that protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles and describe protons and neutrons in terms of their quark composition

[SLO: P-11-I-21]

Recall that a hadron may be either a baryon (consisting of three quarks) or a meson (consisting of one quark and one antiquark)

[SLO: P-11-I-22]

describe the changes to quark composition that take place during β– and β+ decay

[SLO: P-11-I-23]

recall that electrons and neutrinos are fundamental particles called leptons

23

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Thought Experiments (continued)

P 2: Summative Assessment on Particle Physics

P 3: Summative Assessment on Nature of Science

24

Revision for End of Year Exams

Week #

Broad Topic/Chapter

(e.g. in Physics the chapter could be 'Light')

Break-Down for the Week

Learning Objectives

(give both serial no and state the objective in full)

1

Gravitational Fields

P 1: Gravitation: Review of Grades 9-11 Gravitation Concepts

P 2: Gravitation: Newton's Law of Gravitation

P 3: Exploratory Activity on the History of Understanding the Mechanism of Gravity

P 4: Gravitation: Gravitational Fields, Potential Energy and Potential

P 5: Gravitation: Orbits and Newton's Law

P 6: Gravitation: Exploratory Activity on the Resources and Planning that Goes Into a Rocket Launch to OuterSpace

P 7: Gravitation: Applications

[SLO: P-12-C-01]

Recall

that a gravitational field is an example of a field of force and define gravitational field as force per unit mass

[SLO: P-12-C-02]

represent a gravitational field by means of field lines

[SLO: P-12-C-03]

Recall

that, for a point outside a uniform sphere, the mass of the sphere may be considered to be a point mass at its centre

[SLO: P-12-C-04]

recall and use Newton’s law of gravitation F = Gm1m2 /r2 for the force between two point masses

[SLO: P-12-C-05]

analyse circular orbits in gravitational fields by relating the gravitational force to the centripetal acceleration it causes

[SLO: P-12-C-06]

Explain

that a satellite in a geostationary orbit remains at the same point above the Earth’s surface, with an orbital period of 24 hours, orbiting from west to east, directly above the Equator

[SLO: P-12-C-07]

derive, from Newton’s law of gravitation and the definition of gravitational field, the equation g = GM/r2 for the gravitational field strength due to a point mass

[SLO: P-12-C-08]

recall and use g = GM/r2

[SLO: P-12-C-09]

Explain

why g is approximately constant for small changes in height near the Earth’s surface

[SLO: P-12-C-10]

define gravitational potential at a point as the work done per unit mass in bringing a small test mass from infinity to the point

[SLO: P-12-C-11]

use ϕ = –GM/r for the gravitational potential in the field due to a point mass

[SLO: P-12-C-12]

Explain how the concept of gravitational potential leads to the gravitational potential energy of two point masses and use EP = –GMm/r

2

Gravitational Fields

Heat

P 1: Gravitation: Integrated Practice

P 2: Gravitation: Integrated Practice

P 3: Gravitation: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 4: Heat: Review of Grades 9-10 Ideal Gas Concepts

P 5: Heat: Mathematical Derivation of Relationship Between Average KE and Temperature

P 6: Heat: Mathematical Derivation of Relationship Between Average KE and Temperature (continued)

P 7: Heat: Integrated Practice

[SLO: P-12-E-01]

explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive and use the relationship pV = 3Nm, where is the mean-square speed (a simple model considering one-dimensional collisions and then extending to three dimensions using 31 = is sufficient)

[SLO: P-12-E-02]

Recall that the root-mean-square speed cr.m.s. is given by < > c2

[SLO: P-12-E-03]

compare pV = 3Nm with pV = NkT to deduce that the average translational kinetic energy of amolecule is 23 kT, and recall and use this expression

[SLO: P-12-E-04]

recognise that the model of ideal gases is used a base from which the field of statistical mechanics emerged, and has helped explain the behavior of 'non-ideal' gases through modifications to the model e.g. the behavior of stars

3

Waves

P 1: Waves: Displacement and Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion

P 2: Waves: Displacement and Velocity in Simple Harmonic Motion (continued)

P 3: Waves: KE and PE in Simple Harmonic Motion

P 4: Summative Assessment on Gravitation

P 5: Waves: Labwork

P 6: Waves: Labwork

P 7: Waves: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

Simple Harmonic Motion:

[SLO: P-12-G-01]

describe simple examples of free oscillations.

[SLO: P-12-G-02]

Recall

and use the terms displacement, amplitude, period, frequency, angular frequency and phase difference in the context of oscillations, and express the period in terms of both frequency and angular frequency

[SLO: P-12-G-03]

Explain that simple harmonic motion occurs when acceleration is proportional to displacement from a fixed point and in the opposite direction

[SLO: P-12-G-04]

use a = –ω2x and recall and use, as a solution to this equation, x = x0 sin ωt

[SLO: P-12-G-05]

use the equations v = v0 cos ωt and v = ±ω ( ) x x 02 2 −

[SLO: P-12-G-06]

analyse and interpret graphical representations of the variations of displacement, velocity and acceleration for simple harmonic motion

[SLO: P-12-G-07]

describe the interchange between kinetic and potential energy during simple harmonic motion

[SLO: P-12-G-08]

recall and use E = 1/2mω2x02 for the total energy of a system undergoing simple harmonic motion

[SLO: P-12-G-09]

understand that a resistive force acting on an oscillating system causes damping

[SLO: P-12-G-10]

Recall

and use the terms light, critical and heavy damping and sketch displacement–time graphs illustrating these types of damping

[SLO: P-12-G-11]

Recall t

hat resonance involves a maximum amplitude of oscillations and that this occurs when an oscillating system is forced to oscillate at its natural frequency

4

Waves

P 1: Waves: Damping of Simple Harmonic Motion

P 2: Waves: Natural Frequency and Resonance

P 3: Waves: Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion, Resonance and Damping

P 4: Waves: Exploration of Resonance in Natural Phenomena and in Music

P 5: Waves: Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion, Resonance and Damping (continued)

P 6: Waves: Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion, Resonance and Damping (continued)

7 P: Waves: Integrated Practice

[SLO: P-12-G-12]

describe practical examples of free and forced oscillations (resonance).

[SLO: P-12-G-13]

describe practical examples of damped oscillations with particular reference to the efforts of the degree of damping and the importance of critical damping in cases such as a car suspension system.

[SLO: P-12-G-14]

describe qualitatively the factors which determine the frequency response and sharpness of the resonance.

[SLO: P-12-G-15]

identify the use of standing waves and resonance in applications such as rubens tubes, chladni plates and acoustic levitation (knowiledge of wave harmonic modes is not required)

[SLO: P-12-G-16]

explain the importance of critical damping in a car suspension system

[SLO: P-12-G-17]

identify that there are some circumstances in which resonance is useful such as tuning a radio, microwave oven and other circumstances in which resonance should be avoided such as aeroplane’s wing or a suspension bridge

5

Waves

P 1: Waves: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 2: Summative Assessment on Heat

P 3: Waves: Labwork

P 4: Waves: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 5: Waves: Double Slit Interference

P 6: Waves: Double Slit Interference (continued)

P 7: Waves: Double Slit Interference (continued)

Diffraction and Interference:

[SLO: P-12-G-18]

Recall, interpret and explain

experiments that demonstrate two-source interference using water waves in a ripple tank, sound, light and microwaves

[SLO: P-12-G-19]

understand the conditions required if two-source interference fringes are to be observed

[SLO: P-12-G-20]

recall and use λ = ax /D for double-slit interference using light

[SLO: P-12-G-21]

recall and use d sin θ = nλ

6

Waves

P 1: Waves: Exploration Activity on the Impact of the Electron Double Slit Expeirment

P 2: Waves: Diffraction Grating

P 3: Waves: Diffraction Grating (continued)

P 4: Waves: Exploration Activity on the Applications of Diffraction Gratings

P 5: Waves: Integrated Practice

P 6: Waves: Integrated Practice

P 7: Waves: Labwork

[SLO: P-12-G-22]

describe the use of a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of light (the structure and use of the spectrometer are not included)

7

Waves

Electrostatics

P 1: Waves: Labwork

P 2: Summative Assessment on Waves

P 3: Waves: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 4: Electrostatics: Review of Grades 9-11 Electrostatics Concepts

P 5: Electrostatics: Electric Fields, Electric Potential Energy and Potential

P 6: Electrostatics: Electric Fields, Electric Potential Energy and Potential (continued)

P 7: Electrostatics: Capacitance

[SLO: P-12-H-01]

define electric potential at a point as the work done per unit positive charge in bringing a small test charge from infinity to the point

[SLO: P-12-H-02]

recall and use the fact that the electric field at a point is equal to the negative of potential gradient at that point

[SLO: P-12-H-03]

use V = Q/(4πε0r) for the electric potential in the field due to a point charge

[SLO: P-12-H-04]

Recall how the concept of electric potential leads to the electric potential energy of two point charges and use EP = Qq/(4πε0r)

[SLO: P-12-H-05]

define capacitance, as applied to both isolated spherical conductors and to parallel plate capacitors

[SLO: P-12-H-06]

recall and use C = Q/V

[SLO: P-12-H-07]

derive, using C = Q/V, formulae for the combined capacitance of capacitors in series and in parallel

[SLO: P-12-H-08]

use the capacitance formulae for capacitors in series and in parallel

[SLO: P-12-H-09]

determine the electric potential energy stored in a capacitor from the area under the potential–charge graph

[SLO: P-12-H-10]

recall and use W = 21 QV = 21 CV2

[SLO: P-12-H-11]

analyse graphs of the variation with time of potential difference, charge and current for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

[SLO: P-12-H-12]

recall and use τ = RC for the time constant for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

[SLO: P-12-H-13]

use equations of the form x = x0 e–(t/RC) where x could represent current, charge or potential difference for a capacitor discharging through a resistor

[SLO: P-12-H-14]

list the use of capacitors in various household appliances such as in flash gun of camera, refrigerator, electric fan, rectification circuit etc.

8

Electrostatics

P 1: Electrostatics: Capacitors in Series and Parallel Circuits

P 2: Electrostatics: Charging and Discharging Graphs for Capacitors

P 3: Electrostatics: Applications of Capacitors

P 4: Electrostatics: Labwork

P 5: Electrostatics: Labwork

P 6: Electrostatics: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 7: Electrostatics: Integrated Practice

9

Electrostatics

Alternating Current

P 1: Electrostatics: Integrated Pratice (continued)

P 2: AC: Mathematically Describing Alternating Current

P 3: AC: Average Power of Alternating Current

P 4: AC: Average Power of Alternating Current (continued)

P 5: AC: Rectification of AC with Diodes

P 6: AC: Uses of Capacitors in Smoothing AC

P 7: Summative Assessment on Electrostatics

10

Alternating Current

P 1: AC: Labwork

P 2: AC: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 3: AC: Inductance

P 4: AC: Inductance (continued)

P 5: AC: Reactance and Impedence

P 6: AC: Applications of Inductance, Reactance and Impendence

P 7: AC: Integrated Practice

AC circuits:

[SLO: P-12-H-16]

Recall and use the terms period, frequency and peak value as applied to an alternating current or voltage

[SLO: P-12-H-17]

use equations of the form x = x0 sin ωt representing a sinusoidally alternating current or voltage

[SLO: P-12-H-18]

recall and use the fact that the mean power in a resistive load is half the maximum power for a sinusoidal alternating current

[SLO: P-12-H-19]

distinguish between root-mean-square (r.m.s.) and peak values and recall and use I r.m.s. = I0 / 2 and Vr.m.s. = V0 / 2 for a sinusoidal alternating current

[SLO: P-12-H-20]

distinguish graphically between half-wave and full-wave rectification

[SLO: P-12-H-21]

explain the use of a single diode for the half-wave rectification of an alternating current

[SLO: P-12-H-22]

explain the use of four diodes (bridge rectifier) for the full-wave rectification of an alternating current

[SLO: P-12-H-23]

analyse the effect of a single capacitor in smoothing, including the effect of the values of capacitance and the load resistance

[SLO: P-12-H-24]

define mutual inductance (M) and self-inductance (L), and their unit henry.

[SLO: P-12-H-25]

describe the phase of A.C and how phase lags and leads in A.C Circuits.

[SLO: P-12-H-26]

identify inductors as important components of A.C circuits termed as chokes (devices which present a high resistance to alternating current).

[SLO: P-12-H-27]

Calculate the reactances of capacitors and inductors.

[SLO: P-12-H-28]

describe impedance as vector summation of resistances and reactances.

11

Alternating Current

Quantum Physics

P 1: AC: Integrared Practice (continued)

P 2: AC: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 3: Summative Assessment on AC

P 4: Electricity: Labwork

P 5: Electricity: Labwork

P 6: AC: Designing and Planning Experiments Practice

P 7: Quantum Physics: Photoelectric Effect

[SLO: P-12-I-08]

explain photoelectric emission in terms of photon energy and work function energy

[SLO: P-12-I-09]

recall and use hf = Φ + 21mvmax2

[SLO: P-12-I-10]

explain why the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of intensity, whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to intensity

[SLO: P-12-I-11]

Explain that the photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide evidence for a wave nature

12

Revision for Mid Term Exams

13

Quantum Physics

P 1: Quantum Physics: Photons and Particle Nature of Light

P 2: Quantum Physics: Photons and Particle Nature of Light (continued)

P 3: Quantum Physics: Comparing and Contrasting Wave and Particle (Wavicle) Natures of Light

P 4: Quantum Physics: Electron Interference and De Broglie Equation

P 5: Quantum Physics: Electron Interference and De Broglie Equation (continued)

P 6: Quantum Physics: Compton Scattering

P 7: Quantum Physics: Exploration Activity on the History of Controversy Over the Nature of Light

Quantum Physics:

[SLO: P-12-I-01]

Recall that electromagnetic radiation has a particulate nature

[SLO: P-12-I-02]

Explain that a photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy

[SLO: P-12-I-03]

recall and use E = hf

[SLO: P-12-I-04]

use the electronvolt (eV) as a unit of energy

[SLO: P-12-I-05]

Explain that a photon has momentum and that the momentum is given by p = E/c (connect with the idea that light can exert a force)

[SLO: P-12-I-06]

understand that photoelectrons may be emitted from a metal surface when it is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation

[SLO: P-12-I-07]

understand and use the terms threshold frequency and threshold wavelength

[SLO: P-12-I-12]

describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles

[SLO: P-12-I-13]

Explain the de Broglie wavelength as the wavelength associated with a moving particle

[SLO: P-12-I-14]

recall and use λ = h/p

[SLO: P-12-I-15]

Recallthat there are discrete electron energy levels in isolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen)

14

Quantum Physics

P 1: Review of Feedback on Midterms

P 2: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 3: Quantum Physics: Quantum Absorption and Emission Spectra

P 4: Quantum Physics: Pair Production and Pair Annihilation

P 5: Quantum Physics: Uncertainty Principle

P 6: Quantum Physics: Exploration Activity on the Philosophical Implications of the Uncertainty Principle

P 7: Quantum Physics: Integrated Practice

[SLO: P-12-I-16]

Interpret and explain the appearance and formation of emission and absorption line spectra

[SLO: P-12-I-17]

recall and use hf = E1 – E2

• describe Compton effect qualitatively.

• explain the phenomena of pair production and pair annihilation.

• explain how the very short wavelength of electrons, and the ability to use electrons and magnetic fields to focus them, allows electron microscope to achieve very high resolution.

[SLO: P-12-I-18]

• use the uncertainty principle to explain why emperical measurements must necessarily have uncertainty in them

15

Quantum Physics

Particle Physics

P 1: Quantum Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 2: Particle Physics: Revision of Grades 9-11 Particle Physics Concepts

P 3: Particle Physics: Nuclear Binding Energy

P 4: Summative Assessment of Quantum Physics

P 5: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 6: Particle Physics: Nuclear Fusion and Fission

P 7: Particle Physics: Exploration Activity on the International Race to Develop Feasible Fusion Reactors

Particle Physics:

[SLO: P-12-I-19]

Recognize the equivalence between energy and mass as represented by E = mc2 and recall and use this equation

[SLO: P-12-I-20]

represent simple nuclear reactions by nuclear equations of the form 7N He O H 142481711 + + "

[SLO: P-12-I-21]

define and use the terms mass defect and binding energy

[SLO: P-12-I-22]

sketch the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number

[SLO: P-12-I-23]

explain what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission

[SLO: P-12-I-24]

explain the relevance of binding energy per nucleon to nuclear reactions, including nuclear fusion and nuclear fission

[SLO: P-12-I-25]

calculate the energy released in nuclear reactions using E = c2∆m

[SLO: P-12-I-26]

Explain that fluctuations in count rate provide evidence for the random nature of radioactive decay

[SLO: P-12-I-27]

Recall and explain that radioactive decay is both spontaneous and random

[SLO: P-12-I-28]

define activity and decay constant, and recall and use A = λN

[SLO: P-12-I-29]

define half-life

[SLO: P-12-I-30]

use λ = 0.693/t21

[SLO: P-12-I-31]

Recall the exponential nature of radioactive decay, and sketch and use the relationship x = x0e–λt, where x could represent activity, number of undecayed nuclei or received count rate

16

Particle Physics

P 1: Particle Physics: Nuclear Reactors

P 2: Particle Physics: Nuclear Reactors (continued)

P 3: Particle Physics: Radioactive Decay Constant

P 4: Particle Physics: Radioactive Decay Constant (continued)

P 5: Particle Physics: Positron Emission Tomography

P 6: Particle Physics: Positron Emission Tomography (continued)

P 7: Particle Physics: Exploration Activity on Researching Cutting Edge Resaerch in Medical Physics

SLO: P-12-I-32]

describe the function of the principle components of a water moderated power reactor (core, fuel, rods, moderator, control rods, heat exchange, safety rods and shielding).

[SLO: P-12-I-33]

 explain why uranium fuel needs to be enriched before use

[SLO: P-12-I-34]

compare the amount of energy released in a fission reaction with the (given) energy released in a chemical reaction.

[SLO: P-12-I-35]

Explain that a tracer is a substance containing radioactive nuclei that can be introduced into the body and is then absorbed by the tissue being studied

[SLO: P-12-I-36]

Explain that annihilation occurs when a particle interacts with its antiparticle and that mass–energy and momentum are conserved in the process

[SLO: P-12-I-37]

explain that, in PET scanning, positrons emitted by the decay of the tracer annihilate when they interact with electrons in the tissue, producing a pair of gamma-ray photons travelling in opposite directions

[SLO: P-12-I-38]

calculate the energy of the gamma-ray photons emitted during the annihilation of an electron-positron pair

[SLO: P-12-I-39]

Explain that the gamma-ray photons from an annihilation event travel outside the body and can be detected, and an image of the tracer concentration in the tissue can be created by processing the arrival times of the gamma-ray photons

17

Particle Physics

Astrophysics

P 1: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 2: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice

P 3: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 4: Particle Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 5: Astrophysics: Luminosity and Radiant Flux Intensity

P 6: Astrophysics: Luminosity and Radiant Flux Intensity (continued)

P 7: Astrophysics: Wein's Displacement Law and Stephen-Boltzmann Law

[SLO: P-12-J-01]

Use and explain the term luminosity as the total power of radiation emitted by a star

[SLO: P-12-J-02]

recall and use the inverse square law for radiant flux intensity F in terms of the luminosity L of the source F = L/(4πd2)

[SLO: P-12-J-03]

understand that an object of known luminosity is called a standard candle

[SLO: P-12-J-04]

he use of standard candles to determine distances to galaxies

[SLO: P-12-J-05]

recall and use Wien’s displacement law λmax ∝

1/T to estimate the peak surface temperature of a star

[SLO: P-12-J-05]

use the Stefan–Boltzmann law L = 4πσr^2T^4

18

Astrophysics

P 1: Astrophysics: Wein's Displacement Law and Stephen-Boltzmann Law (continued)

P 2: Astrophysics: Exploration Activity on the Contributions to Astrophysics from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Summative Assessment on Particle Physics

P 3: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 4: Astrophysics: Red Shifts

P 5: Astrophysics: Hubble's Law

P 6: Astrophysics: Exploration activity on theories of how the universe will evolve in the futre (Big Crunch etc.)

P 7: Astrophysics: Integrated Practice

[SLO: P-12-J-06]

use Wien’s displacement law and the Stefan–Boltzmann law to estimate the radius of a star

[SLO: P-12-J-07]

Explain that the lines in the emission and absorption spectra from distant objects show an increase in wavelength from their known values

[SLO: P-12-J-08]

use ∆λ / λ . ∆f/f . v /c for the redshift of electromagnetic radiation from a source moving relative to an observer

[SLO: P-12-J-09]

explain why redshift leads to the idea that the Universe is expanding

[SLO: P-12-J-10]

recall and use Hubble’s law v . H0d and explain how this leads to the Big Bang theory (candidates will only be required to use SI units)

19

Astrophysics

Climate and Geo Physics

P 1 Astrophysics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 2: Astrophysics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 3: Climate Physics: Earth Systems

P 4: Climate Physics: Internal Variations and External Forcings

P 5: Summative Assessment on Astrophysics

P 6: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 7: Climate Physics: Energy Budget and Its Effects on Climate

Conceptual:

[SLO: P-12-K-01]

Describe Earth's climate system as a complex system having five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).

[SLO: P-12-K-02]

Define climate as the statistical characterization of the climate system, representing the average weather, typically over a period of 30 years, and is determined by a combination of processes in the climate system, such as ocean currents and wind patterns.

[SLO: P-12-K-03]

Explain climate inertia as the phenomenon by which climate systems show resistance or slowness to changes in significant factors e.g. stabilization of greenhouse emissions might show a slow response due to the action of complex feedback systems

[SLO: P-12-K-04]

Explain that climate change can be categorised into internal variations and external forcings:

- Internal variability can consist of factors that are either cyclical (e.g. the Madden-Jullian oscillation caused by atmospheric circulation and convection) or random (e.g. the ocean and atmosphere can work together to spontaneously generate internal climate variability that can persist for years to decades at a time)

- A change in the energy budget is called a forcing, and when the change is caused by something outside of the five components of the climate system, it is called an external forcing. Volcanoes, for example, result from deep processes within the earth that are not considered part of the climate system. Off-planet changes, such as solar variation and incoming asteroids, are also "external" to the climate system's five components, as are human actions.

[SLO: P-12-K-05]

Explain how global climate is determined by energy transfer from the Sun with specifc reference to the below factors and terms:

- Recall and use the term Earth energy budget

- Explain how the energy imbalance between the poles and the equator can affect atmospheric circulation

20

Climate and Geo Physics

P 1: Climate Physics: Earth's Angular Momentum and Climate

P 2: Climate Physics: Thermal Transfer and Winds and Precipitation

P 3: Climate Physics: Density, Thermal Transfer and Ocean Currents

P 4: Climate Physics: Modelling Climate Change as Chaotic

P 5: Exploration Activity on Chaos Theory and the Butterfly Effect

P 6: Climate Physics: Integrated Practice

P 7: Climate Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

[SLO: P-12-K-06]

Explain that due to the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation diverts the air to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern hemisphere, thus forming distinct atmospheric cells.

[SLO: P-12-K-07]

Explain that monsoons, seasonal changes in wind and precipitation that occur mostly in the tropics, form due to the fact that land masses heat up more easily than the ocean. The temperature difference induces a pressure difference between land and ocean, driving a steady wind.

[SLO: P-12-K-08]

Explain that ocean water that has more salt has a higher density and differences in density play an important role in ocean circulation.

[SLO: P-12-K-09]

Explain how the thermohaline circulation transports heat from the tropics to the polar regions.

[SLO: P-12-K-10]

Explain that ocean circulation is further driven by the interaction with wind. The salt component also influences the freezing point temperature. Vertical movements can bring up colder water to the surface in a process called upwelling, which cools down the air above

[SLO: P-12-K-11]

Explain, with climate systems as examples:

(i) what is a positive feedback cycle

(ii) what is a negative feedback cycle

[SLO: P-12-K-12]

Explain, using the metaphor of a butterfly's wing flaps may cause hurricanes in another part of the world, how climate science is a an example of a chaotic system (mathematics of chaos theory are not required; just the idea that with very complex systems it is very difficult to predict outcomes and they are very sensitive to initial conditions)

21

Climate and Geo Physics

Medical Physics

P 1: Climate Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 2: Summative Assessment of Climate Physics

P 3: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 4: Medical Physics: Revise Concept of Positron Emission Tomography

P 5: Medical Physics: Use of Ultrasound in Diagnosis

P 6: Medical Physics: Use of Ultrasound in Diagnosis (continued)

P 7: Medical Physics: Use of X-Rays in Diagnosis

[SLO: P-12-L-01]

Recall and explain hat a piezo-electric crystal changes shape when a p.d. is applied across it and that the crystal generates an e.m.f. when its shape changes

[SLO: P-12-L-02]

Explain ow ultrasound waves are generated and detected by a piezoelectric transducer

[SLO: P-12-L-03]

Explain how the reflection of pulses of ultrasound at boundaries between tissues can be used to obtain diagnostic information about internal structures

[SLO: P-12-L-04]

define the specific acoustic impedance of a medium as Z = ρc, where c is the speed of sound in the medium

[SLO: P-12-L-05]

use IR / I0 = (Z1 – Z2)2 /(Z1 + Z2)2 for the intensity reflection coefficient of a boundary between two media

[SLO: P-12-L-06]

recall and use I = I0e–μx for the attenuation of ultrasound in matter

[SLO: P-12-L-07]

explain that X-rays are produced by electron bombardment of a metal target and calculate the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced from the accelerating p.d.

[SLO: P-12-L-08]

Explain the use of X-rays in imaging internal body structures, including an understanding of the term contrast in X-ray imaging

[SLO: P-12-L-09]

recall and use I = I0e–μx for the attenuation of X-rays in matter

22

Medical Physics

Nature of Science

P 1: Medical Physics: Use of X-Rays in Diagnosis (continued)

P 2: Medical Physics: Integrated Practice

P 3: Medical Physics: Integrated Practice (continued)

P 4: Summative Assessment of Medical Physics

P 5: General: Designing and Planning Experiments

P 6: Nature of Science: Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics

P 7: Nature of Science: Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (continued)

[SLO: P-12-L-10]

Explain that computed tomography (CT) scanning produces a 3D image of an internal structure by first combining multiple X-ray images taken in the same section from different angles to obtain a 2D image of the section, then repeating this process along an axis and combining 2D images of multiple sections

[SLO: P-12-L-11]

Explain that a tracer is a substance containing radioactive nuclei that can be introduced into the body and is then absorbed by the tissue being studied

[SLO: P-12-L-12]

recall that a tracer that decays by β+decay is used in positron emission tomography (PET scanning)

[SLO: P-12-L-13]

explain that annihilation occurs when a particle interacts with its antiparticle and that mass–energy and momentum are conserved in the process

[SLO: P-12-L-14]

explain that, in PET scanning, positrons emitted by the decay of the tracer annihilate when they interact with electrons in the tissue, producing a pair of gamma-ray photons travelling in opposite directions

[SLO: P-12-L-15]

calculate the energy of the gamma-ray photons emitted during the annihilation of an electron-positron pair

[SLO: P-12-L-16]

Explain that the gamma-ray photons from an annihilation event travel outside the body and can be detected, and an image of the tracer concentration in the tissue can be created by processing the arrival times of the gamma-ray photons

23

Nature of Science

P 1: Nature of Science: Debates about Beauty in Physics

P 2: Nature of Science: Debates about Beauty in Physics (continued)

P 3: Nature of Science: Exploration Activity on watching popular Physics documenteries to analyse the discourse about beauty

P 4: Nature of Science: Ethical Debates in Physics

P 5: Nature of Science: Ethical Debates in Physics (continued)

P 6: Nature of Science: Exploration Activity on Parliamentary Style Debating on Ehical Dilemmas in Physics

P 7: Summative Assessment of Nature of Science

24

Revision for End of Year Exams